Marketing Management Franchising And Marketing Essay

FRANCHISING AND MARKETING MANAGEMENT 2928 SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: SHAAN TEJINDER SINGH ND 15249 CONTENTS Q: 1.1 RESEARCHES A MARKET OF YOUR CHOOSING. FIND THREE PRODUCTS: ONE ITEM OF GOODS, ONE SERVICE AND ONE IDEA. DEFINE THE DEGREE TO WHICH EACH OF THE PRODUCTS WILL MEET THE FOLLOWING: 2 Q 1.2 REGARDING THE THREE PRODUCTS ABOVE DEFINES HOW CUSTOMER EXPECTATIONS, SATISFACTIONS AND COST, AND CULTURE DIFFERENCES ARE BALANCED. 3 Q 1.3 RESEARCHES AN ENTREPRISE THAT EXERCISE MARKETING ACTIVITIES. DEFINE THE ENTERPRISE PURSUES QUALITY IN ALL FACETS OF ITS’ MARKETING ACTIVITIES. 3 Q2.1: RESEARCH AN ENTERPRISE THAT EXERCISES MARKETING ACTIVITIES. DEFINE THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE ENTERPRISE CAN ASSIST CUSTOMERS TO MAXIMIZE THE VALUE AND BENEFITS FROM THE PRODUCTS THEY OBTAIN. 4 Q 2.2: FOR THE CHOSEN ENTERPRISE, PROVIDE AN ANALYSE METHODS OF BUILDING CUSTOMERS LOYALTY, AND DEVELOPING PARTNERSHIP THAT HAVE MUTUAL BENEFITS OF CUSTOMERS AND ENTERPRISE. 4 Q2.3: FOR THE CHOSEN ENTERPRISE, DEFINE CULTURAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE MARKETING OF its PRODUCTS AND OUTCOMES. 5 Q 3.1: RESEARCH A PRODUCT. ASSESS PRODUCT FACTORS AND IDENTIFY INFLUENCES ON PRODUCT DESIGN AND SERVICEABILITY IN TERMS OF THE ABILITY OF THE PRODUCT TO MEET USERS’ EXPECTATIONS ANDShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Franchising And Marketing Management Essay4034 Words   |  17 PagesFranchising and Marketing Management Investigate and evaluate small business franchising options. 6412 NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT LEVEL 6 RAJ KUMAR ND15182 Task One – General Franchising questions ‘franchising’ 1.1 According to me a franchising is an arrangement in which one party the franchisor allow another party the franchisee the right to use its trademark, company’s name as well as certainRead MoreCase Study : Franchising And Marketing Management Essay4653 Words   |  19 Pages Franchising and Marketing Management Investigate and evaluate small business franchising options 7/11/2015 ND : 15275 MANPREET SINGH Task One Question 1.1 : Identify types of business franchises and differentiate key factors. Research and provide existing examples of each type in relation to existing franchise business operations. Franchise type must include the following: ANS: INTRODUCTION: Business has got more competitive and more complicated these days. If you don’t keepRead MoreConcept of Franchising: Definitions, Benefits and Drawbacks1663 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The purpose of this report is to discuss the concept of franchising. Franchising has evolved over the years and has become the most popular form of business ownership today (Baron Shane, 2005). Therefore to understand the concepts of franchising this report will firstly provide the definitions of franchising and will also examine the types of franchising. Secondly, the report will discuss the benefits and drawbacks of franchising. The report will also provide examples of successful franchiseRead MoreFranchising Benefits And Strategies Of Franchising1410 Words   |  6 PagesFranchising It is said that today there is a total of 750,000 franchise establishments within the U.S. itself. Franchising is a long-term agreement between two parties, and is when the franchisor grants the franchisee the right to use a trademark or trade name in a business process. In a franchise agreement the franchisee would in most cases purchase or lease the trademark or logo from the franchisor. Within this transaction the franchisee also pays its franchisor sales revenue or royalty feesRead MoreIntroduction to Franchising1357 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Franchising is a method of doing business where a franchisor licenses trademarks and methods of doing business to a franchisee in exchange for a recurring royalty fee. Franchisor is the party who grant the franchise while franchisee is the one who purchase the right for franchise. This form of business has a tremendous growth in the last 50 years, started in United States in the 50s and then expanded to Europe. Nowadays, the rest of the world is beginning to implement the euphoriaRead MoreMarket Entry Strategies1002 Words   |  5 Pagescontrol and higher risks in investment. In addition, Abu Dhabi National has a higher asset base, therefore, can engage in a promising investment strategy (Jalan, 2004:234). Licensing and Franchising Licensing and franchising can be a viable alternative if the Company wishes to have minimal financial and control commitments. In licensing, Abu Dhabi National Hotels will purchase trading rights from a potential partner in the US. This means it may notRead MoreMarketing, Financing, and Production Factors in Developing a Franchaise798 Words   |  3 Pagesby using marketing, finance, and production factors. These factors are pertinent when developing a franchise. Growth and success in a franchise business is determine by the market analysis and financial planning. However, with proper distribution the production factors will occur once the customers are aware of the business. The franchising of business is started by several different aspects, the business models as a small business growth strategy. However, marketing, productionRead MoreEssay645 Words   |  3 PagesIn the last 20 years, a significant amount of research on franchising has been conducted in various disciplines, including economics, law, management, marketing, and management science. A major goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature. A second goal of this article is to enumerate steps that can be taken to improve both the rigor and relevance of franchising research. Since this represents an initial overview of a very broad research field, we have notRead MoreEssay on Franchising1417 Words   |  6 PagesFranchising A franchise, by definition is a legal agreement that allows one organization with a product, idea, name or trademark to grant certain rights and information about operating a business to an independent business owner. In return, the business owner (franchisee) pays a fee and royalties to the owner. This one-time fee paid by the franchisee to the franchisor is referred to as a franchise fee. The fee pays for the business concept, rights to use trademarks, management assistance andRead MoreFranchising Is A Long Term Essay1286 Words   |  6 PagesNowadays, franchising is one of the easiest ways to start a business. Franchising is defined as a long-term, continuing business relationship wherein for consideration, the franchisor grants to the franchise a licensed right, subject to agreed requirements and restrictions, to condusct business utilising the trade and/or service marks of the franchisor and also provides to the franchisee advice and assistance in organising, merchandising, and managing the business conducted to the licensee ï â€º1ï  .

Made in China Comes at a Price Cancer Villages Essay

â€Å"Made in China† Comes at a Price: Cancer Villages China has overtaken Germany as the world’s top exporter of goods, which marks another breakthrough in China’s rise to the top and its ever growing economic influence. As China’s export rates rise to the highest in the world, so does its pollution. Judith Shapiro, the director of the Masters in Natural Resources and Sustainable Development for the School of International Service at American University, states that with â€Å"20 of the World’s 30 most polluted cities [residing] in China† it is an easy task to see the severity of pollution (Sharpiro). In order to rise to its high economic position China’s government ignores pollution regulations, allowing the release of waste into the air and†¦show more content†¦Doctors at a hospital in the Jiangsu province blame the girl’s lung cancer on pollution. China’s pollution rates are high due to exhaust from cars, the burning of coal, and factory emissions. Since the economic boom the Chinese now own more than 120 million cars, while the United States only owns sixty two million. These high amounts of pollution from the exhaust has even higher effects on the health of Chinese citizens. Even with these dangerous amounts of car pollution most of the blame rests on the country’s large consumption of coal. China burns almost as much coal as the rest of the world combined, leaving auto emissions accounting for only twenty five percent of the problem. The World Resources Institute discovered that particle matter and Sulfur dioxide, both produced by burning coal, surpass World Health Organization standards in the majority of Chinese cities. In the northern city of Yancheng, a chemical plant turned the villages of Dongjin into a cancer village within a few years. Although China is armed with the world’s best environmental laws and regulations, its government faces huge challenges when it comes to enforcing the laws. There are many reason the laws remain unenforced, money being one, cutting corners on enforcement being another, so the pollution continues to worsen. The smog seen lurking over the streets of China is caused by the emissions of particle matter and these emissions contribute to the rising risksShow MoreRelatedShanghai Urban Case Study : Urban Problems1647 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion efficiently. -Shanghai has problems concerning the lack of infrastructure, strain on housing, public transport, traffic congestion, and pollution Rural to Urban Migration and immigration - Shanghai is a highly globalised and developing city and Chinas hub and model city. - 58 multinational companies and over 30 banks are headquartered in Shanghai. - With so many multinational corporations Shanghai provides many business opportunities and ways to make money. - High minimum wage of 8000 rmb a monthRead MoreThe Threat Of Greenhouse Gases1456 Words   |  6 Pagespopulated country in the world is China with the population of 1, 373,541,248 people (U.S. Census Bureau, 2016). It is not a surprise that China is also one of the biggest pollution contributors due to its great population number. Air pollution is one of the biggest threat to the environment created by human and China is known to be the world’s deadliest country for outdoor air pollution. China’s air pollution is one the biggest contributor to public health in China. There is a high level of toxicRead MoreMarketing Communication of Clarins1625 Words   |  7 Pages 50, even an expectant mother is also their target audience. The Target Audience Profile In this project, we focus to analysis Clarins â€Å"Shaping Facial Lift† product line. This is particular aimed at Asian womens facial contours product, such as China, Taiwan, Korea, and Hong Kong etc. with age between 30 to 40 up women who want to firm up their overall skin. Especially the office ladies and professionals are willing to purchase costly skincare product as they concerned their image to be charmingRead MoreOur World Is Getting Closer And Closer To Being Enclosed1255 Words   |  6 Pagesproduced, the last step involves selling of the reproduced goods to the general mass, clients or a specific market. As the reproduced commodities are sold and reused, the whole process of recycling is complete and will make way for another cycle to come. My relationship to nature is very hands on. I’m not like a super serious save the world person but I do try my best to do things that aren’t harmful to nature. I never throw trash on the ground I’ll literally hold it until I find a garbage can becauseRead MoreChina s Economic Success Of The United States2138 Words   |  9 Pageswhat had been predicted numerous times throughout the past decade had finally occurred. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), China had overtook the United States (US) to become the world’s largest economy, with their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measured by way of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), where GDP is adjusted to accommodate the relative prices in each market, was estimated to be at $17.6 trillion compared to $17.4 trillion for the US (Fray 2014). This stood testament to the successRead MoreManufacturing Problems Within China And China1784 Words   |  8 PagesManufacturing Problems in China Manufacturing is by definition a way to create a product on a wide range scale using advanced machinery. With that said it should be evident enough that manufacturing and the industry itself is a big part of our world. This fact alone, it should be able to illustrate enough that manufacturing has helped everything from countries to governments to even individuals grow and make a profit off of making goods while making them in a fast, large quantity for cheap inRead More The New Hazardous Waste: Electronic Waste Essay2802 Words   |  12 PagesNew Hazardous Waste: Electronic Waste Technology has opened human existence to greater ideas and knowledge than we ever thought was possible. Technological advances in everything from medicine to the distribution of information have made for a better and more convenient life. Computers and the use of the internet has created a global network in which people half-way across the globe from each other can communicate and share information instantaneously. In 1965 Gordon Moore, one ofRead MoreWater For The Water Of Water2241 Words   |  9 Pagescountries such as India and China there has always been a struggle for the allocation of water. Who is entitled to the water, who needs it more, and where will the water come from? Asia obtains agricultural self-sufficiency by emptying rivers into irrigation canals, while on the other hand India’s farmlands are watered by plundering the countries underground water. Neither, are sufficient solutions that allow for the immortality of water for future generations to come. This excessive tapping intoRead MoreIndia: Dumping Ground for Developed Countries?3559 Words   |  15 PagesSystem, based on prior written notification, was also put into place. Supreme Court verdict The Delhi High Court imposed a ban on the import of all toxic/hazardous wastes in 1996. Yet research by NGOs reveal that the waste still continues to come in, despite the a renewed ban issued by the Supreme Court of India. Owing to industry pressure, Indian Government has been vacillating on stricter enforcement. â€Å"Export† by developed countries Developed countries of world such as AustraliaRead MoreChina: Building Capitalism with Socialist Characteristics13709 Words   |  55 Pages9-706-041 REV: OCTOBER 16, 2006 DEBORA SPAR JEAN OI China: Building â€Å"Capitalism with Socialist Characteristics† We must not act like women with bound feet! If we want socialism to triumph over capitalism, we should not hesitate to draw on the achievements of all cultures. We need to learn from other countries, including the developed capitalist countries. — Deng Xiaoping, 19921 In November 2005, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued its 11th five- year plan. As was typical for

Changes by Tupac Essay Example For Students

Changes by Tupac Essay Music is a fantastic way for individuals to express their opinions on controversial topics such as racism and poverty. One of the most famous artists Tupac Shakur helped bring to the light issues such as racism even after the era of Martin Luther king. Tupacs song Changes ? can relate to similar examples of the stories we read in class like When I was a Child ?, Homeless on Campus ?, and Singer solution to solve poverty ?. The song relates about the calamity of African Americans, especially the extreme cruelty and torture they encountered. Tupac says that things will constantly stay the same until the person makes a difference, rather than delaying for the society to intercede. Its time for us as a people to make a change. Lets change the way we eat, change the way we live, and change the way we treat each other. ? â€Å"Tupac. All three of these writings have related context that match to the song Changes ? by Tupac. The writing When I was a child ? by Lillian Smith, shows us an example of what kind of hardships African Americans went through in their life. The young girl, who enjoyed staying at the Smiths family, was kicked out, because she was no longer good enough to be recognized as a person. At the end of her writing it says, I had not said a word, I did not say one, but she knew, and tears slowly rolled down her little white face. ? This shows us how backwards everything seemed in the midst of segregation. Once they realized that she wasnt a white girl, her appearance no longer mattered to them. In the song Changes ? by Tupac, he says, I see no changes. All I see is racist faces. Misplaced hate makes disgrace to races we under. I wonder hat it takes to make this one better place lets erase the wasted. ? He describes the feelings African Americans had when they were not treated equal, just like how the young girl was treated in When I was a Child ?. Author Eleanor J. Bader, who wrote Homeless on Campus ? begins by telling the stories of four college students who are homeless. She also informs us that some students suffered from abuse, some were single parents, and some lost their jobs. She believes that service should be available to those who need it, but she realizes that the government and many universities are lacking that point. Eleanor J. Bader wishes to clear up the problem and provide help for college students who need it. In the song Changes ? Tupac says, Its time for us as a people to start makin some changes. Lets change the way we eat, lets change the way we live and lets change the way we treat each other. ? I felt like Eleanor J. Bader was trying to prove the same point like Tupac meant in his song. She wanted to make a difference to help people, and to make changes to the laws. In Peter Singers proposal Singer solution to solve poverty ?, he argues that the justly correct action is to donate any additional income that you gain, to children dying of poverty. He helps us comprehend our acknowledgment for the deaths of children in needy families by asking the reader to consider these situations and put these issues into real life. He gives examples of people doing harm to children, and how making money is their priority. When Peter Singer says Now you, too, have the information to save a childs life. How should you judge yourself if you dont do it? ? he is pleading and wants to make the readers understand his feelings for the poor children. He explains how money can be used in bad ways, but can also be for good use, like to help stop poverty. .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad , .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad .postImageUrl , .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad , .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad:hover , .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad:visited , .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad:active { border:0!important; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad:active , .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music, Poetry, Passion.. EssayIn Tupacs song Changes ?, he explains that the world is becoming an unacceptable place to live in, and that we need to make changes on how we treat and show respect to other people. In conclusion, these stories have a very strong meaning and connection about racism and poverty. They show and describe how people suffered, and how they shouldve gotten help. In the song Changes ? Tupac says, Its time for us as a people to start makin some changes. Lets change the way we eat, lets change the way we live and lets change the way we treat each other, ? and I truly agree with that. Eleanor J. Bader was trying to do that, but she needed the support and approval from the university and the government. In the writing When I was a child ? explains some of the hardships African Americans went through in their life, and how terrible segregation was. In the proposal Singer solution to solve poverty ?, Singer argues that people should donate any additional money that they gain, to children dying of poverty. All three of these writings have similar meanings that match to the song Changes ? by Tupac. We should apply these good changes to our lives, so we can become better people. itiesow terrible segregration poverty. e good to

Symbolism In Cuckoo free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Nest Essay, Research Paper Religious Symbolism and Allusion in One Flew over the Cuckoo s Nest Ken Kesey s novel, One Flew over the Cuckoo s Nest, can be based upon some spiritual signifier of literary unfavorable judgment. The general subject was that apparently incapacitated persons could be delivered from the barbarous environment they had subjected themselves to. The Jesus can be religion itself or the object of faith such as Jesus Christ or as in the novel, Cuckoo s Nest, Randle P. McMurphy. Many analogues exist between One Flew over the Cuckoo s Nest and traditional Christian philosophy. The chief character, Randle P. McMurphy, was a Christ-like figure. Both McMurphy and Christ were influential and had a little dedicated followers. Christ frequently the Judaic rite of the jurisprudence and blamed the Scribes and pharisees ( the existences with power ) for being dissemblers. In the same mode, McMurphy frequently caused a splash be facing the system on the ward and its important figures. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism In Cuckoo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An first-class illustration of this was when McMurphy demanded to watch the World Series and caused a major perturbation on the ward. Another similarity was that Christ and McMurphy were foreigners in the universe they became a portion of. Christ was a God-man made flesh. His place was ageless in Eden and he would abandon this to come to this universe. He sacrificed his place in Eden and his life of flawlessness to come into an imperfect universe. Jesus was placed in a universe of full of wickedness ; although, he knew no wickedness which separated him from everyone else. McMurphy, on the other manus, was non of the universe of the insane. He was a really normal adult male who had planned to get away life on the work farm by coming to be evaluated on the ward. In fact, McMurphy was wholly different from the other patients. The patients on the ward suffered from a scope of unwellnesss which none could really be diagnosed as mental unwellness. The patients were victims of subjugation because they can non work within society. McMurphy and Christ were functional figures in society and led their followings to freedom fr om their different types of struggle. Christ healed the ill and delivered the bondage while McMurphy helped reconstruct a sense of being to the patients. An illustration of this is when the control panel was used by McMurphy to reconstruct the Chief dorsum to his original province of being strong. McMurphy asked, will you assure me that you can raise the panel if I get you large as you used to be and you non merely acquire my particular body-building class but yo U besides acquire a 10 vaulting horse fishing trip free! This type of concluding finally freed Chief from low self-image. Head referred to McMurphy, as a Jesus by believing if he d touch him it would regenerate him. When the adult female at the well touched Jesus, she drew strength from him. Chief said, I merely want to touch him because he s who he is, a stronger force than the Chief was. Ken Kesey uses the fishing trip as symbolic of Christ with the 12 adherents. This symbolic function focused on McMurphy as he led the 12 on the boat out toward the ocean. He perchance led them to be fishers of work forces as Jesus had done with his apostles. R.P. McMurphy sacrificed himself for the other patients as Jesus did for us. McMurphy knew that through his attempts entirely could the patients be redeemed from the control of the Combine. McMurphy saw himself as a spiritual allusion by stating the orderly, anointest my caput with conductant and stating, Will I get a Crown of irritants? . Kesey shows that McMurphy knows he s bigger than the Combine and merely his entry to have daze interventions will finally emancipate the patients. For this, McMurphy can be called a loving individual. As Christ exemplified in his forfeit of ego, what greater love hath no adult male than to give his life for a friend. Kesey s usage of the character R.P. McMurphy allowed the patients to concentrate more on him than themselves. By making this, McMurphy diverted their ideas off from their preoccupation with ego to a greater world. Compare this to the spiritual factor of projecting you burdens upon the Lord. As a consequence, patients like Chief, Billy Bibbit and Cheswick ( before his decease ) learned a sense of independency and the ability to do a base for themselves. McMurphy being lobotomized is the symbolisation of Jesus being crucified. There is small belief he s gone ; although, they really see his hitch and bruised organic structure. As Christ life so spoke for itself in decease, McMurphy s life besides grew greater after crucifixion ( leukotomy ) . His spirit as Christ s will populate on in his followings. In decision, analysing One Flew over the Cuckoo s Nest, in the signifier of a spiritual unfavorable judgment allows me to believe that no affair how corrupting society is, one can happen freedom in a Christ-like figure or through their religion or belief in a higher being. Indeed, the parts of Jesus Christ and Randle P. McMurphy will travel unnoticed by a society excessively concerned with itself to detect anything else, much less than the truth.

buy custom The Ease of Falling into Unhealthy Diet Habits essay

buy custom The Ease of Falling into Unhealthy Diet Habits essay Modern lifestyle is largely to blame for the failure by members of our society to adhere to a healthy diet. Instead, they have lapsed into a lifestyle that encourages fast food and overconsumption of sugar. Ours has become a lifestyle entirely devoted to the pursuit of money and pleasure with complete disregard for personal health and future prospects. It is a society that is so ignorant and indifferent to the catastrophic effects of regular intake of unhealthy diets; so much that some of the negative effects have gained significance as national crises. Obesity which has increased to a point of causing panic especially among children is one such catastrophe. Obesity has been blamed for the rise in obesity-related conditions like diabetes and insulin resistance thus putting a strain on our resources (Lustig, 43). Continuous consumption of unhealthy diet is also to blame for other conditions like strokes, which result from accumulation of cholesterol and failure to take vital nutrients like vitamins. Generally, it is easy to fall into an unhealthy diet due to the constraint of time, resources and the social setting of each individual. A typical day in the life of a working citizen contains several activities which are always competing for the attention of that individual. Most people live in suburbs far from their offices or factories and one has to wake up early in order to make it to work on time. This individual is expected to prepare breakfast depending on the duties each spouse plays in the household. This might be compounded by children who need to be prepared for school. It is easy to just ignore the advice of professionals which calls for a balanced diet and instead partake of foods which are easy to prepare and take lesser time to consume. This is just the beginning of an ordinary day and other meals are likely o be met with the same approach where lack of time pushes these people into a culture of unhealthy living. Most people are likely to give their children money which will likely end up in the counters of fast food joints. The demand imposed by firms on their employees to deliver certain work quotas under tight deadlines makes it impossible to allocate adequate time for food preparation or even time to worry about the lifestyle they have adopted. By the time these individuals get home, they are exhausted and cannot be expected to be in the right frame of mind to worry about the eating patterns of their family. The recession succeeded in highlighting the plight of most people within our society. This concern was financial constraint most people face due to high living standards, low wages and high debts due to many obligations. Such debts include mortgages, student loans, and credit card debts among others. But economists have made it clear that the cost of foodstuffs is unyielding and the cost of buying an adequate and balanced diet for a family is a considerable expense. Add this to the cost of cooking gas and the labor required to prepare this food and most people are likely to forego this option for cheaper junk food. Some might be willing to incur the lengthy time necessary to prepare healthy foods but face budget constraints due to low wages or lack of employment. These families or individuals will choose foods which are cheaper not knowing that such usually contain lesser nutrients. Their failure to take healthy diets is not their fault but an institutional failure which denies them this fundamental right by failing to provide them with decent incomes to cater for their needs. In addition, the social setting of any given society determines the attitudes and behavior of individuals. Developed societies have adapted a consumerism culture which drives people to consume more and more without any regard to the impact of their actions. A debate which has emerged in recent times is whether the impact of high fructose sugar syrup which is widely used to sweeten foods and drinks has fueled the consumerism of unhealthy food products. This sweetener has been proven to be sweeter than conventional sugar and has been accused by some lobby groups of causing addiction and hence increasing consumption of junk foods and such drinks (Lustig, 21). While many including governmental institutions have been calling for restraint in consumption of unhealthy diets, members of our society seem to be ignoring this advice and opting to continue their unhealthy eating habits without care or worry. Indulging in passive leisure is also a major cause of junk food intake as people prefer to order takeout food rather than prepare it themselves. Although some foods are packaged and advertised as healthy, the reality is very different (Beck, 1). It is necessary to point out that no one is singularly responsible for increased consumption of unhealthy diets. Several factors intervene to influence the attitudes and actions of members of a society. Many factors still remain important if a true understanding of the problem is to be achieved. These include advertisements, legal requirements for food processors and availability of certain food products. What is clear is the need to address this issue since an unhealthy diets lead to obesity and other health related conditions. To continue ignoring this issue is to keep compounding the problem and doing more harm to an already strained health sector which can be alleviated through prevention rather than cure. Buy custom The Ease of Falling into Unhealthy Diet Habits essay

Writing a Critique

Writing a Critique Writing a Critique Writing a critique is rather a difficult task for critical essay writers. While writing any academic project, you should show your ability to think and write critically. Just as you think, writing college critical essay, provide critique of the arguments of others. On occasion, you may find that an argument of yours has been critiqued by someone else. Critical essay writer may also discover that an argument by someone else is relatively good but has become the object of a negative critique. If you do not find your critique convincing, you may want to re-write your paper. This involves defending the original argument. In logic, as in sports, the best defense is usually a good offense. If you have been careful to use only unflawed argument forms in the process of academic essay writing, and only unflawed premises, then your argument will be hard to critique and your defense may be relatively easy. It is often a good strategy to anticipate how a critique might be developed in presenting your original ideas and to defuse that critique at that point. But no matter how good an argument is, while writing critical essayyou must support your conclusions with examples from the text and other supporting documents. Critical essay writing is not easy, but it is an extremely interesting assignment. Moreover, critical essay writing and thinking skills can be used in everyday life: Critique Writing There are times at which a defense strategy is inappropriate. The tutor may find numerous weaknesses in your argument included in critical essay writing. There is no point or merit in "stonewalling it" when you have been caught with false premises or an invalid argument. Writing critical essay support your judgment with a discussion of evidence or of the reasoning involved. Writing such a work, provide your judgment about the merit of theories and opinions or about the truth of facts.Notice, however, that admitting to a logical or factual flaw in your argument you do not need to abandon the conclusions you originally argued for. Writing a critique is not the same as writing a summary. offers you an opportunity to order critique writing services. Our critique writers are able to impress you with depth of reasoning and logic of presentation. Do not miss an opportunity to get professionally written critique prior to deadline. All of our customers enjoy a wide range of discounts. Free services include title page, outline, and references. Popular posts: Argumentative Research Paper Topics Action Paper Research Valentine's Day Essay Report Writing Help Problem and Solution Essay

Virgil's prologue from Aeneid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Virgil's prologue from Aeneid - Essay Example epics; the parallel with Homer’s works can be found in Virgil’s attempt to define the two parts of the story as an odyssey and a tale of war--though in reverse of Homer’s story structure. Because of the widespread use of Latin, Virgil succeeded in reaching a large audience and, as a result, was able to share and expand on the idea of the Roman hero. The storyline of Aeneid explores the challenging journey of a pious, selfless warrior chosen by destiny to found the city of Rome. There are a variety of themes running through the story: the conflict of order vs. chaos; the superiority of the Roman hero; and the role of destiny in shaping a man’s actions. The reader can find these references within the prologue, as Virgil paints a vivid picture of the epic story to follow. The central theme of order vs. chaos can be found in Virgil’s description of Aeneas’ journey across the treacherous seas. â€Å"A fugitive, this captain, buffeted/ Cruelly on land as on the sea/ By blows from powers of the air--behind them, / Baleful Juno in her sleepless rage† illustrates the representation of chaos--Juno being the embodiment of emotional rage--stirring the weather and causing havoc. Order is found in the presence of Aeneas as he fights to reach Rome--the land of rational thought and law. Another theme is the ideal figure of the Roman hero; Aeneas is presented as the perfect example of Roman self-sacrifice, piety and clear-minded purpose. When Virgil states: â€Å"A man apart, devoted to his mission--/ To undergo so many perilous days/ And enter on so many trials† he is telling the reader of the exceptional strength--of both mind and body--found in his main protagonist. The role of destiny plays a major role in Aeneas’ story. At the start of the prologue, we learn that â€Å"He came to Italy by destiny† and the reader understands the important nature of Aeneas’ assignment and purpose. Virgil ends his prologue with the following lines: â€Å"They wandered as

Critical thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Critical thinking - Essay Example Its workforce of over 17, 000 men and women voted Iceland Frozen Foods the third most successful company compared with all other companies in motivating them to do their best. Four years before the turnaround, morale was ‘at rock bottom after 40% of staff at the Deeside head office were made redundant’ (The Sunday Times, 2009). It is quite reasonable to assume in retrospect that top management at the time was incapable of motivating the workforce to achieve profitability and ensure the survival of the firm. It is quite likely that ‘scientific management’ or Taylorism as it is also called, may have been, the paradigm under which the top managers of Iceland Frozen Foods worked, in running the day to day affairs of the company. Or, they may not even have given much thought to motivating the workforce, but merely continued on traditional lines, hiring and firing believing that labour was a disposable item. Taylorism is explained as the ‘decoupling of the labour process from the skills of the workforce’, and has been defined as ‘management strategies that are based upon the separation of conception from execution’ Pruijt, 2000). The knowledge and skills of how best to run the enterprise are confined to the heads of the few top mangers. The rest of the workforce merely follows orders to the letter. They have no discretion as to how they do their day to day jobs. They have to follow strictly laid out procedures. This may work well in some industries, say on a car assembly line, but in enterprises with close customer contact, this approach is unlikely to be optimal. Nevertheless, Prujit also acknowledges that McDonalds and call centres (customer service operations) use such strategies and can claim success by ensuring ‘predictability and controllability’ (op. cit.). After Taylorism , Herzberg’s two-factor motivational theory became influential in alerting management to the value of tapping into the need for

Vietnam and Iraq Wars Essay Example for Free

Vietnam and Iraq Wars Essay American involvement in Vietnam has roots which preceded the actual deployment of troops, just as the current chapter of the Iraqi War has roots that reach, some would argue, at least as far back as the end of World War II. These two arenas, where America chose to enforce its foreign policy at gunpoint, have many similarities, though ostensibly they appear to be radically different. The two wars began with two very different American presidents telling the Big Lie to the American people and their duly elected representatives, though there are subtle differences in how they came to be told. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident supposedly occurred when two American cruisers, operating within a few miles of the North Vietnamese coast are said to have come under fire by North Vietnamese gunboats. This fabricated incident led Congress to grant Johnson powers to prosecute the war. According to reports released under the Freedom of Information Act it is seriously doubtful as to whether such attacks actually occurred. The 21st century continuation of the Persian Gulf War of the 1990s began with an American president telling the American people and their duly elected representatives another Big Lie. He said, while in possession of reports to the contrary, that the leader of Iraq had amassed weapons of mass destruction, meaning, it was assumed, either nuclear devices or chemical and/or biological weapons. He further stated, knowing it was not likely, that the Iraqi leader was involved in the attack on the twin towers of the World Trade Center. For their own reasons, Lyndon Johnson and George Walker Bush both chose to obfuscate facts in furtherance of their political agenda. In Vietnam the American fighting men never lost an engagement with the enemy. They won every battle, yet lost the war. Some say the war was lost in the streets of America, victim of bad publicity. The French had held the Vietnamese in colonial slavery since the 19th century, and were only driven out by the Japanese in 1941. At the end of World War II the French decided that they had the right to return as feudal lords. The Viet Minh challenged this assertion, and in 1954, at the battle of Dien Bien Phu, they drove home their point. The French commander committed suicide before the garrison fell to the guerillas under command of the brilliant tactician, General Giap. France pulled out once again, but instead of letting Vietnam unify and hold elections, the U. N. partitioned it. This set the stage for North Vietnam’s president Ho Chi Min to begin to unify his nation by force, which the Americans inexplicably chose to challenge, culminating in Lyndon Johnson lying to get his war powers act through Congress. This war, which seemed to be the sole business of the Vietnamese people, became a quagmire to the Americans, and cost Johnson his presidency in the end. It brought shame and disrepute on the United States as Bush’s Iraqi War has done in the 21st century. Bush lied to obtain the needed powers to wage a war in Iraq. The Iraq War began with Americans watching U. S. Military power raining destruction from the air on the people of Iraq. The American president screamed, â€Å"Bring it on! † to taunt the enemy, and after a short time landed on an American carrier ship, greeted by a banner proclaiming, â€Å"Mission Accomplished†. Unfortunately that was another deception. Now Iraq, like Vietnam, is a quagmire and Bush has no more of an exit strategy then did Lyndon Johnson. Of Vietnam, Pete Seeger, the folk singer sang, â€Å"Waist deep in the big muddy, and the big fool said to push on† (Seeger 1967). The big muddy was, naturally, Vietnam, and the big fool giving the order to keep marching was Lyndon Johnson. Few march today in protest of an equally un-winnable war and no one but the loyal opposition calls Bush a big fool. Still the parents of America fatalities know that their sons and daughters are just as dead as those who died in Vietnam, for the same lame reasons, in wars justified by lies. In declassified documents released in late 2005, Robert Hanyok, a National Security Agency Historian said, â€Å"that a second attack, on August 4, 1964, by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on U. S. ships, did not occur despite claims to the contrary by the Johnson administration (Prados 2004). Prados, a NSA archivist has said he believes it is vital to have this information come to light, saying that the Johnson Administration, â€Å"used this claim to support retaliatory air strikes† (ibid). There are disturbing parallels between the lie concerning the Gulf of Tonkin Incident and the ‘manipulated’ intelligence used to justify the Iraqi War, according to the historian. It is only due to public pressure that the secret agency allowed the documents to be declassified some forty years after the fact. The Bush Administration did not want the truth out for the obvious reason of the comparisons that can be made to his untruths concerning Iraq. John W. Dean, former White House counsel to Richard Nixon, said in 2003, that, â€Å"[George W. Bush] made a number of unequivocal statements about the reason the United States needed to pursue the most radical actions any nation can undertake acts of war against another nation. †¦Now it is clear that many of his statements appear to be false† (Dean 2003). Dean posed the rhetorical question of whether lying to start a war is an impeachable offense against a sitting U. S. President. It is only rhetorical because of the fact the lying chief executive’s party had sufficient control of the legislative branch of government. The party apparently believed that lying about sex is impeachable but lying to start war is simply presidential politics. Bush began a series of misstatements, obfuscations, diversions and lies beginning in 2002 as he began to beat his war drum across the United States. In speech after speech he made wilder and wilder claims regarding the Iraqi weapons of mass destruction. Intelligence gathered by this and other governments leaves no doubt that the Iraq regime continues to possess and conceal some of the most lethal weapons ever devised (Bush, G. W. 2003). He even sent his Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld, on the speech circuit, saying (Rumsfeld) personally knew where these weapons were located. They were never found. They never existed. It was all a lethal charade foisted on America by the Bush/Cheney regime. It was argued that Vietnam was fought in defense of the Domino Theory. It has also been suggested that the Iraq War is being fought for the Haliburton Theory, in which American troops have seized Iraqi oil to increase the profits of an American corporation under the control of the sitting vice-president. What is proven is that the Iraq War, like its predecessor, the Vietnam War, was begun with a Big Lie for which the liar has not been called to account. Intelligence sources’ reports exposed each set of lies for what they are, yet neither Johnson nor Bush has been held accountable. References Bush, G.W. Iraq: Denial and Deception (speech) Mar. 17, 2003     Retrieved 5-10-08 From: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030317-7.html Dean, J. 2003   Missing Weapons of Mass Destruction Retrieved 5-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   11-08 from: http://writ.news.findlaw.com/dean/20030606.html Prados, J. 2004  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tonkin Gulf Intelligence ‘Skewed’ Retrieved   5-10-08 From:

Biography of Karl Marx Essay -- biographies Biography Karl Marx Essays

Biography of Karl Marx Few names evoke as strong a response as Karl Marx. Some consider him a genius and a prophet, while others see only evil in his ideas. Everyone agrees that Marx stands among the social thinkers with the greatest impact on the world's people. There are many people who pass into and out of our lives. It is those great people that are remembered forever. One great person is Karl Marx. He is an extraordinary person that has changed and shaped the way of the future. Marx had many great experiences and achievements throughout his lifetime for which he is remembered. On May 5, 1818, Karl Marx was born to father, Heinrich Marx, and his wife, Henriette. Karl was born in Trier, Prussia, where he lived throughout his childhood. His father was a lawyer and his family lived among the â€Å"petty-bourgeoisie.† 1 The bourgeoisie at this point in time was considered the middle class in society. The Marx family was Jewish, but later converted to Protestantism in 1824. In October of 1830, Marx enrolled at the Trier Gymnasium. At Trier Gymnasium Marx obtained his high school education. Following graduation from Trier, he decided to continue his education and go on to attend Bonn University as a law student in October of 1835. Here, Marx studied for only several months, and then enrolled at Berlin University in October of 1836. At Berlin University he also studied law, but majored in history and philosophy. While attending Bonn University, Marx decides to propose to Jenny Von Westphalen in the summer of 1836. Jenny Von Westphalen was Marx's love of his life. The two of them had played and grown up together throughout their childhood. According to Eleanor Marx, â€Å"Karl wai... ...in Neue Zeit 1897 <http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/marx/eleanor.htm> (29 October 2001) 3. Marx 4. Lenin 5. Thomas, Paul, â€Å"Nature and Artifice in Marx,† History of Political Thought [Great Britain], 1998. 485-503 (29 October 2001) 6. Thomas 7. Thomas 8. Engels, Frederick, "Karl Marx," in Die Gartenlaube 1868 <http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/marx/eng-1869.htm> (29 October 2001) 9. Lenin 10. Lenin 11. Unknown, "Draft of a Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx," in La Justice 1883 <http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883deat/justice.htm> (29 October 2001) Links: www.philosophypages.com/ph/marx.htm http://www.maoism.org/marx/marx_idx.htm www.stud.unisg.ch/~ajaritz/marx/marxh.htm www.lucidcafe.com/library/96may/marx.htm www.xs4all.nl/~aboiten/marx.html

Movie Analysis of Hotel Rwanda

Hotel Rwanda, released in December of 2004, is based on the true story on the life of Paul Rusesabagina, a hotel manager of Hotel des Mille Collines, who saved the lives of 1,268 people in the face of genocide. This movie is based on the true events of the Rwandan Genocide in 1994 that occurred in Kigali, the capital and largest city of Rwanda in Africa. It touches upon when the Hutu extremists of Rwanda initiated an act of genocide on thousands of the minority group, Tutsis. This movie was directed/written by Terry George and Keir Pearson.Major cast include Don Cheadle (Paul Rusesabagina), Sophie Okonedo (Tatiana), Joaquin Phoenix (Jack), and Nick Nolte (Colonel Oliver of the UN). Other cast members include Fana Mokoena (General Bizimungu of Kigali Police), Hakeem Kae-Kazim (Georges Rutaganda, leader of Interhamwe militia), and Jean Reno (Mr. Tillens, President of Sabena Airlines in Belgium). The movie’s main location of filming was done in Kigali, Rwanda, and Johannesburg, S outh Africa. Tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi groups are what lead to the war, and eventual genocide, in Rwanda.Paul and his family witness killings in the neighborhood. Although his wife is Tutsi, and himself Hutu, Paul carries protection with people of influence, bribing them with money and alcohol, seeking to maintain sufficient influence to keep his family safe. When the war erupts and a Rwandan Army officer threatens Paul and his neighbors, Paul barely negotiates their safety, and is forced to the decision of bringing everyone to the hotel. More refugees come to the hotel from the overburdened United Nations camp, the Red Cross, and orphanages from all over the country.Paul must divert the Hutu soldiers, care for the refugees, be a source of strength to his family, and maintain the appearance of a functioning luxury hotel as the situation becomes more dangerous. The UN Peacekeeping forces, led by Canadian Colonel Oliver (Nolte), are unable to take assertive action against th e Interahamwe since they are forbidden to intervene in the genocide. The foreign nationals are evacuated, but the Rwandans are left behind. When the UN forces attempt to evacuate a group of refugees, including Paul's family, they are ambushed and must turn back.In a last-ditch effort to save the refugees, Paul pleads with the Rwandan Army General, Augustin Bizimungu (Mokoena) for assistance. However, when Paul's bribes no longer work, he blackmails the General with threats of being tried as a war criminal. Soon after, the family and the hotel refugees are finally able to leave the besieged hotel in a UN convoy. They travel through retreating masses of refugees and militia to reach safety behind Tutsi rebel lines. From the beginning, it is clearly displayed that there are more than two sides of the story, with various groups representing each side.The Tutsis are the ones accused in the killing of the Kigali president after his offer of an agreement of peace, and just want peace betwe en both parties. The Hutu are attempting to kill off any person that is Tutsis. They believe that the Tutsis killed the president because they want to keep the power that was left in their hands when the Belgium left Kigali. There is also the UN peacekeepers and other foreign armies (French, Italian etc†¦), referred in the movie as ‘the West’. One is trying to help the Rwandans stay alive, while the other is stay out of the issue.In the movie, Hutu extremist views’ are specified through the character of George Rutaganda. They reference the Tutsis as ‘cockroaches’, and how the Hutu must rise up and get rid of any Tutsis, along with any of the next generation. As said in the movie by Rutaganda, â€Å"Hutu, we must get rid of these cockroaches that are infecting our country†. Most of this encouragement comes from Georges Rutaganda, the leader of the Interhamwe militia, who speaks to the Hutu extremists through the radio, which is the only wa y you see the Hutu people communicate with one another throughout the whole film.Although communication is solely this, the mission of the Hutu is successfully showed. In contrast, while the mission is known, as mentioned before, all communication is through the radio, with no actual physical meetings. This was weird to me, sending the message that decisions were not made by the group as a whole, but rather militia taking orders from one leader (Rutaganda). Also it gave off the feeling of spontaneity, although the movie showed that many Hutu were angry since power was given to the Tutsis, and not only when the Kigali president was killed.On the other end, the Tutsis are constantly running searching for protection from the Hutu, trying not to be killed. Those on their side are Rusesabagina, Colonel Oliver, and Mr. Tillens, through their own actions, respectively. Multiple times throughout the film, it shows how the Tutsis cannot even stay in their own homes and once they cannot show identity cards stating their status as Hutu, they are beaten, homes burnt to the ground, and most roads to leave are blocked off. Rusesabagina obviously uses the hotel as a refugee camp, and Colonel Oliver fights through the whole movie to get the influence of the West to stop the enocide, for he cannot himself. Mr. Tillens does what he can to keep off the Hutu extremists away from the hotel by keeping contact with the French, who supply the Hutu armies. Before watching, the reviews portrayed Rusesabagina as ‘a clear hero for the Rwandans’. This was evident while seeing the movie. Obviously, Paul shelters thousands of Tutsi people in the hotel, doing everything he can to keep the Hutu away. In the first few scenes of the movie, this same determination is not seen. Paul makes it clear that he does everything only to protect his family.As he tells his wife when she tells him to call his people to help the neighbors being attacked, â€Å"I give the powerful guests of the hotel everything, so that in return, they will protect my family when troubling times come. They are our neighbors, not family. † As the attacks get worse, this mindset changes as a threat to kill a group of Tutsis in front of him is presented. Toward the beginning of the movie, after the attacks begin in Paul’s neighborhood, a large group of other Tutsis neighbors are hiding in the Rusesabagina home. Hutu armies come to kill all the ‘cockroaches’ in his home, including his wife and kids.At first, Paul offers bribes of money and alcohol to save only his family, but later offers almost triple the amount of money for the whole group, including expensive jewels. This is only one of the first scenes that Paul bribes armies to avoid the killing of those he is protecting. With the character of Rusesabagina, the filmmaker portrayed him as a humble man, with no inconstancies in any of his actions. This goes along with the purpose of the film, which was to show the actions of a hero, who saved thousands from genocide. The main antagonists of the film would be the Hutu.They could be considered villains not only for their hate for Tutsis, but for the ruthless killing of close to a million. The directors, did just enough in every scene to remind the ones watching that this group of people did not want anything to do with the Tutsis. Another antagonist in the film, in my opinion, was the foreign armies (Belgium, French and Italian). In the first attempt to remove the Tutsis from Kigali, it was believed that all these armies were coming to the aid of the people. When they actually arrived, it was then explained by Colonel Oliver, that they would only be helping evacuate the Americans and those from ‘the West’.This scene gives them the portrayal of a villain, because as Colonel Oliver says in a following scene to Paul, â€Å"You are considered dirt to them Paul, you are not even Black, you are an African†. This line was very comp elling for me because it showed a type of ranking between other races, as compared with the Africans, with all of them showing superiority over them. The same scene also showed how people who may see what was going on in Kigali would not take action, like the conversation between Paul and Jack. Jack has just filmed footage of a group of people being beaten and even chopped up with machetes.Paul says to him, â€Å"How could they not intervene, after seeing such brutality? † Jack doesn’t have the same faith, replying, â€Å"When people see this, they will say â€Å"Oh, how horrible† and go on eating dinner. † It was after these scenes that Paul realizes that believing he was one of them, and everything he has done (adapting to their ways, conforming to every need and want), was for nothing. After this scene, it is said many times, especially by Rusesabagina, that they were on their own, and everyone had abandoned them.If this were true, then they would not even have the UN peacekeepers, who were consistent allies. This was the only contradiction I found with the antagonists. If someone only watched the first few scenes of the movie, it could be misinterpreted that Paul had many influences aiding him through the end of the genocide (or in this case, the movie). His main allies in the movie were Colonel Oliver, Mr. Tillens in Belgium, and General Bizumungu. Of these allies, it was perceived that the General was only helping because he was constantly being bribed, and not out of kindness.With Colonel Oliver, he always came back to Paul once he knew of any opportunities to get the people out of Kigali. At first, I assumed that the UN was against the people of Kigali, because they were given orders to not attempt to stop the genocide, or in the words of Oliver, â€Å"We are peacekeepers, not peacemakers†. This is where the audience can think that everyone has abandoned them. This assumption was put away once the UN peacekeepers go t hrough multiple attempts, and are eventually successful; at getting everyone pass Tutsi rebel lines, even after the Hutu showed that they killed some of Oliver’s men.Mr. Tillens, the president of Sabena Airlines, was only present in a few parts, but his was visibly one of Paul’s most powerful influences and had a big impact on their survival. In another scene where the hotel is under attack by Hutu extremists, Paul is given ten minutes to come downstairs and provide a list of all the ‘cockroaches’ staying in the hotel. In this time, he sneaks away to call Tillens. As they are talking, this is when a vulnerable side of Rusesabagina is seen.When asked if there is anything that can be done, it is the first time that Paul mentions any doubt in surviving the genocide, but stating, â€Å"I do not know what you can do, because I am positive that it is too late, they have already arrived, and I am sure we are going to die. † When Tillens says to buy him tim e, that he will get in contact with the French, who supply the Hutu, Paul is doubtful of his words. As Paul is outside negotiating with the armies, who are threatening to kill everyone, they are given orders (in French, but are obvious) to back off and leave the hotel, along with everyone in it.With the General, he is always talking with Paul in the first part of the movie of just how much the Kigali police have got him protected, but this is while Paul is still able to send him off with the best cigars from Cuba and Africa’s finest scotch. In a scene when Paul asks the General for help, but has no bribe, he is quick to say, â€Å"No more police, no more protection†. Paul begs for his help, insisting that these are troubling times, and they all need to stick together. The General answers Paul with a stern, â€Å"How are you going to help me Paul? The General briefly helps once Paul threatened him with the idea that everyone believed he was a war criminal involved in t he massacres. This is why it was necessary to show all sides, because if they were not, it would be perceived in the movie that no one tried to help the Tutsis survive the genocide, and that they were truly on their own. Many reviews said that the movie did not properly exhibit the actual events of the Rwandan Genocide, but after watching the film, I have to disagree. While watching certain scenes, it really made the tears fall in remembering that the movie is not fictional.It made you feel as if you were there, and put your emotions into each scene, while hitting you with the harsh realization that the event actually occurred. There was an equal stability between showing tidbits of the genocide, but also of how a single man became a hero by saving thousands. Overall, it left the message of how this should have never happened and gave moments as to how it could have been avoided. As one reviewer says, â€Å"The Rwandan Genocide is one of the most horrific events of this time, and u nfortunately, the most unknown†, but this movie gives audience a respectable summary that shall leave us knowledgeable.

“Barbie Doll” by Marge Piercy Essay

The poem, â€Å"Barbie Doll†, is about a girl who was growing up in a society which regard highly of female beauty. The title illustrates that most females were expected to be like Barbie dolls. These dolls cast pressure on the girl to be like supermodel. In this story, the girl failed to meet the standards of society and viewed as a social outcast.The first paragraph describes a growing girl who was presented with dolls, miniature GE stoves, irons and lipsticks. This will ensure that the girl will know which gender roles she should be and not too deviate from the accepted social custom. The mood of the poem changes when the author describes, the magic of puberty. Here, it refers to a time of emotional crisis that the girl went through as she matures. She is constantly teased for not looking like the typical Barbie dolls. The second paragraph began with mentioning the girls positive aspects, such as She was healthy, tested intelligent, possesses strong arms and back and abundant sexual drive and manual dexterity, These sentences portray the girl image (female) to male characteristics. The tome in the poem changes again when the author stated, the girl went to and fro apologizing, and everyone still say she had a fat nose and thick legs, the society again, scorn at the ugly appearance of the girl. In the third paragraph, line twelve to sixteen, the girl is expected to fake her natural behavior, emotion and characteristics. The fan belt was used to exemplify that one cannot endure the pressure placed by society to meet their standards and will wear out eventually. Consequently, she cut off her nose and legs. Therefore, the last paragraph expressed her death as consummation at last. Dont she look pretty? Everyone said. In this line, the author wants the reader to make good judgment to the senseless situation in which society judge beauty to female. I think that children, especially boys, are not born with hatred or feelings of enmity towards female who have physical figures below social standards. They are all programmed that way by selfish or ignorant male adults. If these male adults can only take a look at themselves and see that all they have done is to destroy. The lives of their opposite sex, driving down their  self-esteem to the deepest pit, then this society will be a better place to live in.

Linking salaries of corporate executives to those of their lowest-paid employees

Linking salaries of corporate executives to those of their lowest-paid employees Free Online Research Papers The idea of Linking salaries of corporate executives to those of their lowest-paid employees is very much a debatable topic. On one hand this seems to be an illogical thought while on the other we may get to have the benefit of improving workers morale and productivity. On careful evaluation, I find that the cons of implementing this sought of a payroll strategy outweigh the pros. Payroll structure of an individual is decided based on various key factors like educational background, previous experience, personal traits, skill sets, and the kind of role one is going to take up. Consider the kind of roles and responsibilities that a Worker A and Executive A will handle. There will be heaps of difference between them they are just non comparable. Salary is one factor to demarcate and respect the importance of the role played by Executive A in the organization. Secondly skill levels expected out of a worker can be that of a 10th grade student while same is not the case for the Executive. He is expected to possess at least a Graduate degree. Many would agree that 10th grade should not be and cannot be equated to an MBA degree. The Executive who has spent time and money for his education should be respected and Salary is one way to respect his knowledge and education. Also, consider the years of experience the Executive might have gained before he reaches to this level or position. As a worker, one might start their career with zero years of experience. Usually a worker with the least years of experience is the one who is least paid. It is absolutely illogical and inhuman to pay the same salary to an Executive who has reached his level after years of hardships. Given a situation where the salary is not going differentiate whether one has experience of less years or more, has skills and expertise or not, possess education and knowledge or not, then any employee would prefer to have the least qualification and get the least salary. After all, everyone looks for a job opportunity in order to earn a living, a better living. Noone would like to get devalued as they grow up the ladder, not even the workers. Though one might argue that, it will increase the morale and productivity at workers level, It will highly demotivate and lessen the productivity at top management level. This balance is very important for the well-being of the company. There are other multiple ways to bring up the productivity of workers, this definitely is not a wise idea. However, given an option that the basic salary of a worker and basic salary of an Executive is equated and the Executive is eligible for other extra perks and benefits (which the worker is not entitled to), then this idea is something that can be worked out better. Research Papers on Linking salaries of corporate executives to those of their lowest-paid employeesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaTwilight of the UAWResearch Process Part OneStandardized TestingLifes What IfsInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBringing Democracy to Africa

Collins Last Name Meaning and Origin

Collins Last Name Meaning and Origin The Collins  surname has a number of different possible origins: In England, the name may have originated as a double diminutive of Nicholas, or as a patronymic surname meaning son of Colin, a short form of Nicholas. The given name Nicholas means victory of the people, from the  Greek ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ · (nike), meaning victory and ÃŽ »ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (laos), meaning people.In Ireland, a name derived from cuilein, meaning darling, a term of endearment applied to young animals.  The medieval Gaelic surname was Ua Cuilà ©in, most often seen today as  Ãƒâ€œ Coilein.As a Welsh surname, Collins may derive from collen, signifying a hazel grove.The French name  Colline, meaning hill, is another possible origin of the Collins surname. Collins is the 52nd most popular surname in the United States, the 57th most common English surname, and the 30th most common surname in Ireland. Alternate Surname Spellings:  Collin, Colling, Collings, Coling, Collen, Collens, Collis, Coliss, Coleson Where Do People With the Collins Surname Live? People with the Collins surname are most prevalent in Ireland, especially the southwestern counties of Cork, Limerick, and Clare, according to WorldNames Public Profiler. The name is also extremely common in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Forebears surname distribution data has the name pegged as very common in Ireland, Liberia, Australia, the United States, and England. Within Ireland, Collins ranks as the 9th most popular surname in County Cork, 11th in Limerick and 13th in Clare. Famous People With the Last Name Collins Phil Collins - English singer, songwriter and musician.Michael Collins - American astronaut, part of the Apollo 11 mission that first landed on the moon.Michael Collins -  The hero of the Irish struggle for independence.Patricia Hill Collins - American feminist sociologist (Collins is her married name).Marva Collins - American educator and civil rights activist (Collins is her married name).Joan Collins  - English actress, best known for her role in the television drama,  Dynasty.Suzanne Collins  - Author of the popular book trilogy,  The Hunger Games.Anthony Collins - English philosopher.Arthur Collins - English genealogist and historian. Genealogy Resources for the Surname Collins Over 320 group members belong to the Collins DNA surname project, working together to combine DNA testing with traditional genealogy research to sort out Collins ancestral lines. Includes individuals with Collins, Collings, and similar surname variants. Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Collins family crest or coat of arms for the Collins surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   Check out the Collins family genealogy forum at Genealogy.com, the popular genealogy forum for the Collins surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or use it post your own Collins query. Use FamilySearch.org to access over 8 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Collins surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Collins surname. You can also browse or search the list archives to explore over a decade of postings for the Collins surname. Explore DistantCousin.com, which hosts free databases and genealogy links for the last name Collins. The Collins page at GenealogyToday.com allows you to browse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Collins around the world. References Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia.  Bergenfield, NJ:  Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Hoffman, William F. Polish Surnames: Origins and Meanings.  Chicago:  Polish Genealogical Society, 1993. Rymut, Kazimierz. Nazwiska Polakow.  Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich - Wydawnictwo, 1991. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Strategies mplemented to assist the labouring woman progress Essay

Strategies mplemented to assist the labouring woman progress - Essay Example Midwives are making a very important input to interdisciplinary attempts to encourage normal birth as well as reduce the nervousness that frequently encircles maternity care these days. Confidence in the normal childbirth procedure is essential for the beliefs as well as practice of midwifery, â€Å"the language midwives speak and the care they provide to women† (Walsh, 2007). For midwives, the idea of normality is within the physiology of labor in addition to the ability of women to give birth with their individual control. Women looked after by midwives are always more apt to labor with no main interference and analgesia or anesthesia, and expected to have a natural vaginal birth. Latest research in Australia as well shows that when midwives are actively involved with the health care system, midwife-attended deliveries, both at residence as well as in hospital, require considerably lesser rates of interference and, simultaneously, quite low rates of â€Å"maternal and neona tal/perinatal morbidity and mortality† (Reuwer et al, 2009). Likewise, midwives appear to attain related normal birth results with women all over the socio-economic scale, within countryside as well as secluded locations in addition to large metropolitan centers. 2. Women Centered Care Woman centered care is a notion that indicates that: It is concentrated on the woman’s personal exceptional requirements, hopes and objectives, instead of the requirements of the associations or occupations concerned It identifies the woman’s rights of independence with respect to preference, power, and stability of care from recognized caregiver(s). It includes the requirements of the infant, the woman’s relatives, her spouse and society, as recognized and discussed by the woman herself It pursues the woman â€Å"across the interface between institutions and the community† (Coad & Dunstall, 2011), during every stage of pregnancy, delivery and the postnatal phase. Hen ce, it entails group effort with other health care experts when required It is holistic when dealing with the woman’s communal, expressive, physical, psychosomatic, sacred and cultural requirements as well as beliefs. 3. Strategies for Promoting Normal Birth 3.1 Continuity of Care It is the practice of guaranteeing that a woman identifies her maternity care givers and gets care from the similar source, or small team of providers, during pregnancy, labor, delivery as well as the postnatal phase. This relationship helps in the normal release of oxytocin hormone. Oxytocin creates sentiments of affection as well as selflessness; no matter what facet of love one thinks about, oxytocin is involved. Oxytocin is formed in the hypothalamus, deep within our brains, and â€Å"stored in the posterior pituitary, the master gland† (Fahy et al, 2008), from where it is discharged in pulsations. In the normal procedure, oxytocin appears in waves causing ‘rests and bursts’, facilitating to increase the endorphins in return. During the last part of the second phase, oxytocin has an enormous spike. Nothing of this sort takes place with the synthetic procedure, its â€Å"pump driven and adding nothing to the body’s natural pattern† (Conrad & Gallagher, 1993). Oxytocin is released in huge amounts during pregnancy, as it works to improve nutrient inclusion, lessen anxiety, and preserve energy by creating the feeling the sleepiness. Oxytocin as well creates

The central dilemma of macro-economic policy is not the choice between Essay

The central dilemma of macro-economic policy is not the choice between using monetary or fiscal policy but whether to intervene - Essay Example The macro-economic policy is concerned with carrying out certain economic objectives. These objectives aim to eradicate the main macro-economic problems within an economy. These include unemployment, inflation, and negative balance of payments position, a low rate of economic growth and inequitable distribution of wealth (Stan lake, Grant, pp.499, 1967). Macroeconomics conventionally has two governing views on policy; these are interventionist and laissez-faire (Dixon, pp.2, 2000). The paper, before examining these two views in details, will describe monetary and fiscal policy. Monetary and fiscal policies are the two instruments that the government uses to tackle the amount of expenditure floating in the economy. This is because levels of expenditure highly affect the level of inflation, growth, and unemployment. There are varieties of different forms of government macroeconomic policies. However, the best known and the widely used are fiscal policy and monetary policy. These belong to the demand-side economy that is these policies have the aim of affecting the level of aggregate demand in the economy. In a concise form, aggregate demand of a country is as follows: AD= C+I+G-T+(X-M) Where C=Consumption I=Investment G=Government Expenditure T= Taxes X=Exports M=Imports (Universitip, N.p., N.d). Both fiscal and monetary policies are part of the ‘Keynesian’ school of thought that will be discussed in the paper. These two policies can ‘fine-tune’ various economic problems within the economy such as inflation and output growth (Langdana, pp. 10, 2009). Fiscal policy caters to the two components within the economy i.e. Government expenditure and taxes. If there are inflationary pressures within the economy, then the government can increase the level of direct or indirect taxes, or it might also decrease government spending. Both these measures will reduce inflation in the economy. However, during times of recession, the government can incre ase the government spending. This will cause an injection of money into the economy, bringing it out of the recession. In addition, during war years, various countries especially USA saw massive increases in government spending, thus increasing the growth rate. The increase in spending was to due to the funding of the war. The level, the timing, and the composition of taxation and government spending can have an important effect on people’s lives (Stan & Grant, pp. 503, 1967). Monetary Policy also affects the level of aggregate demand. The tools that are used are either the rate of interest or the supply of money. In many countries, it is an acceptable view that the control of the money supply is probably the most significant tool to affect the level of demand in the economy (Stan & Grant, pp. 521, 1967). An increase in the level of interest will mean less spending, because people will tend to save more in such times, because the return on saving will be higher. However, when the interest rate is low, the cost of borrowing will be less, meaning that there will be an increase in borrowing and hence consumption. Therefore, the monetary policy is very important because it affects the level of aggregate demand. One very recent example of the importance of monetary policy is that during the Crash of 2008 in United States, for two years, the interest rate was maintained at 1% (New Work, 2008), which meant that the level of consumption was

Recruitment and Staff Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Recruitment and Staff Selection - Essay Example Online advertising focuses on reaching to extended audience from different geographical locations and provide the candidates with detailed information on the application process, company information and site tours to generate interest among candidates to apply. Effective strategies applied in designing of recruitment ads include content layout that spells consistency in presentation, clarity in communication of job responsibilities, company information and desired candidate profile. For the purpose of illustrating the strategies for designing an effective job posting, the paper analyses two job postings for medical assistant (provided as annexure). The first ad posting is for a medical assistant in Park Specialty Clinic located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The advertisement provides the audience with a bold heading in blue stating the job position, location, name of clinic and the department for which the vacancy is posted. This provides the audience with the vital job information and those who are not interested in the given location, position or department do not have to waste time reading through the whole advertising. The body of the advertisement begins with an introduction to the healthcare organization and provides the job-seeker with the reasons why they should join this organization. This is followed by a description of medical assistant, associated job responsibilities and the qualifications the potential candidate must have in order to apply for the posi tion. The second advertisement follows a similar pattern however, the presentation is more effective since all the points are mentioned in distinct paragraphs and bullet points are used to focus the essential requirements. This posting provides the candidates with detailed information on the salary range and employee benefits. The primary difference between both the advertisements is the use of content and

Impact of Arthashastra on Modern Warfare

Impact of Arthashastra on Modern Warfare ARTHASHASTRA AND ITS RELEVANCE IN MODERN WARFARE AND COUNTERINSURGENCY/COUNTERTERRORISM PHILOSOPHY â€Å"In the happiness of his subjects lies the kings happiness; in their welfare his welfare. He shall not consider as good only that which pleases him but treat as beneficial to him whatever pleases his subjects†¦An archer letting off an arrow may or may not kill a single man, but a wise man using his intellect can kill even reaching unto the very womb.† The Arthashastra INTRODUCTION SITUATING THE ARTHASHASTRA Historical Background 1. Kautilya, also known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta[1] was the key advisor to and the genius behind the strategy undertaken by the king Chandra Gupta Maurya (317-293 B.C.) who stopped the advance of Alexander the Greats successors and introduced the Golden Age of India.[2] The Mauryan kingdom united and amalgamated the Indian sub-continent into a single entity for the first time, thus creating the concept of Indian nationhood. The Mauryan Empire extended from the Persian border in the West to Burma in the East covered most of peninsular India.[3] The empire lasted 150 years until about 180 BC, after which the empire dissociated[4] into several fragments. Kautilya was the chancellor to Chandra Gupta Maurya, and he composed the Arthashastra to counsel a ruler on how to defeat ones enemies and rule for the general good. The Arthashastra was very influential in ancient India up to the 12th century AD, when it faded from the public eye. The text, however, reappeared in 1904 and was publis hed in English in 1915.[5] 2. Artha[6] of Arthashastra stands for wealth, but it has a much wider significance. As enunciated by Kautilya, wealth of a nation is both the territory of the state and the inhabitants of the state. Thus economics is at the heart of Arthashastra. A healthy economy and loyal subjects can be achieved by having an adequate balance between the treasury of the state and the welfare of the people, was preached by Kautilya. This was to be achieved by maintaining law and order and adequate administrative machinery.[7] Thus the Arthashastra also contains the enforcement of laws (Dandaniti) and the details of the organisation of civil service and duties of state officials.[8] Arthashastra Overview 3. Written about 300 B.C., Kautilyas work was pitched to teach with the various intricacies of governance and politics to the king.[9] Kautilya has covered the subject in depth and offers insights into various spheres of statecraft, war and diplomacy. Kautilya wished his king to become a world conqueror[10] hence his analysis of the types of war, his doctrine of assassination, sowing discord amongst the enemy, use of spies, religion, superstition, along with the use of women to create conflicts in the enemy camp are engrossing and unputdownable.[11] 4. Books of Treatise. The Arthashastra is divided into 15 books, 150 chapters, 180 sections and 6,000 slokas.[12] The books are arranged in a manner that the initial books deal with internal administration and the later books on a states relations with its neighbours. Interestingly, there exists a very prominent mention of the ancient Navy as he has mentioned the ‘superintendent of ships in Book II. He may have foreseen the advantages of a sea borne force and a Navy.[13] 5. Science of Arthashastra. Kautilya believed that a rulers duties included the internal administration of the country, protection of the state from external aggression, maintenance of law and order within the state, and the welfare of the people. New territory had to be acquired by alliance or conquest for the prosperity of the state and also in the political environment existing then, which had many kings, anyone content with his own territory was likely to fall prey to hedgemonistic ambitions of the other. 6. Spectrum of Arthashastra. Kautilya argued that a nation could never achieve prosperity under a foreign ruler; indicating that independence was a pre-requisite for prosperity and economic progress. At the macro level, the Arthashastra covers the entire gamut of human society, the establishment and continuance of a nation state, foreign policy, war, civil law and economics. At the other end of the spectrum, the book delves into the building blocks of a society by clearly defining standardised weights[14], measures and time, values and taxes on commodities[15], metallurgical standards[16], sources of state revenue[17] and a detailed analysis of the composition of an army and forts.[18] 7. National Security. Kautilya insisted that all threats to national security must be eliminated at any cost to the state, while no enemy must be privy to the inner machinations and processes of ones own state â€Å"Like a tortoise, the king (state) shall draw in any limb of his that is exposed.†[19] Internal stability was the harbinger of economic well being. However, to maintain internal and external security, Kautilya proposed a massive network of spies and agents operating within the state and also in surrounding and enemy states. Detailed descriptions of espionage and counter-espionage activities, physical punishments and torture for internal security set this work apart from any other political treatise. 8. The Arthashastra is thus a mixture of both what we applaud today and what we consider to be reprehensible. Kautilya wrote his book about 2300 years ago when extreme forms of governance were commonplace and the primary task of the ruling monarch was primacy of his state and a policy of expansionism. While Kautilya was quite willing to reward those who served the state, he seemed to have an obsession with using the discipline of the laws to make everything in the kingdom ‘just right. In the Arthashastra, everyday life in all its multifarious activities comes in for careful regulation and adjustment, from the ‘cooking pot to the crown.[20] CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY Statement of the Problem 9. The aim of this paper is to study the teachings of Arthashastra in order to determine its relevance and yield insights into military strategy and warfare with emphasis on counter insurgency and counter terrorism. Hypothesis 10. The concepts of defence and war as enunciated by Kautilya are as relevant in the 21st century as it was in the 3rd century BC. Justification for the Study 11. The Arthashastra is essentially a treatise on the art of government and specially focuses on aspects of internal administration and foreign policy. It has been translated as â€Å"Science of Politics†, â€Å"Treatise on Polity†[21] or the â€Å"Science of Political Economy†.[22] However, the best description of the word comes from Heinrich Zimmer who translates the word as â€Å"Timeless Laws of Politics, Economy, Diplomacy and War†.[23] 12. Two thousand three hundred years ago, Kautilya compiled the Arthashastra and with it he proved to be a kingmaker as he enabled the inception of the Maurya dynasty. The Arthashastra has endured the test of time and it has since withstood the test of credibility. We will be enriching ourselves if we learn and grasp even a fraction of the wisdom that Kautilya embodied. 13. Our ancient scriptures have been neglected and Western principles and teachings propounded in our literature, including military literature due to ignorance of students and insufficient importance by teachers. 14. Kautilyas treatise enraptures in many ways, the complexity of our current world. The problems that existed then, persist in a more widespread and magnified manner in the contemporary world. The principles of Military strategy followed by Kautilya are also relevant in the contemporary world. 15. Study of his military strategy will throw some light on the in-depth knowledge of warfare in ancient India and will provide important lessons for conventional and unconventional warfare in the modern world, besides enhancing understanding and pride in our country and its thinkers. The lecture by Dr Gopalji Malviya, sparked the inquisitiveness and determination to study the Arthashastra. Scope 16. The scope of this paper is restricted to the study and analysis of the aspects related to warfare as enunciated by Kautilya. The study does not include his precepts on the social, political and economical structure of an ideal state. Though Kautilya has treated foreign policy as an important part of warfare, only brief mention where necessary would be made. The famous Mandala theory[24] has hence been consciously left out. Also the actual battle fighting and formations described in detail have been omitted to maintain focus on strategy. The study will cover the relevance of Arthashastra and its importance for modern warfare, counter insurgency and counter terrorism. 17. Though a sincere effort has been made to cover the relevance, trying to expound on Kautilyas immense wisdom presents a remarkable challenge. Therefore, throughout this dissertation the work of Kautilya is quoted to speak for itself. Methods of Data Collection 18. There are a number of books written on Arthashastra. Though some books are in Sanskrit and some are literal translations, some books are available in college library on the Arthashastra notably by LN Rangarajan, R Shamashastry, MV Krishna Rao and Roger Boeshe. Some data is also available on the internet and journals. A bibliography of sources is appended at the end of the paper. Likely sources include the following:- (a) Books written by eminent authors as mentioned above. (b) Papers submitted by researchers. (c) Information available over the internet. (d) Discussions with teachers and professors of history. Dr Gopalji Malviya was gracious enough to grant some valuable time for a ‘one on one discussion. His encouragement, advice and passion for the subject made the research meaningful. Organisation of the Dissertation 19. The dissertation is organised into six chapters. Chapters one and two deal with introducing the subject and the methodology of the research. It is proposed to study the subject under the following heads:- (a) Chapter III Principles of military strategy in Arthashastra. (b) Chapter IV Relevance in 21st century conventional warfare. (c) Chapter V Relevance in fourth generation warfare. (d) Chapter VI Conclusion. CHAPTER III PRINCIPLES OF MILITARY STRATEGY IN ARTHASHASTRA 20. Kautilya has enunciated many military strategies in the Arthashastra. Most importantly he does not seem to have made much distinction between military strategy and that of statecraft. He believed that warfare is an extension and an integral part of statecraft.[25] He has covered an array of strategies over a vast canvas from the actual fighting and planning, to training and deceit. Some of these will be discussed in this chapter. Planning a Campaign 21. Kautilyas most striking doctrine is his discussion of planning a campaign -â€Å"The activity of one setting out on a campaign deals with the factors to be taken into account before the king (state) decides that it is in the states interest to commence the campaign†.[26] Kautilya brings out the various facets of planning a campaign. He enunciates eight factors which are to be critically considered for determining whether a campaign would end in success, prior to making preparations for war. The factors that he considered for a successful campaign included Power (military, intellectual and morale), place and time, revolts and the rebellion in the rear, the calculation of losses, expenses and gains and the likely dangers of treachery. Few of the factors are discussed below:- (a) Power. According to Kautilya, the most important factor is of power. Power included the military might, and the economic strength of the adversary, and also the intellectual power, and t the ability of the enemy to carry out a objective analysis and not to be swayed by emotion or opinions. He even lists out the order of the three constituents of power to be Intellectual power, Military might and Enthusiasm and morale in the decreasing order of importance. Kautilya says that though the mightier king may be endowed with better war machinery and that he can buy heroic fighters, the Power of good analysis and judgement (which include intelligence and the knowledge of politics the two eyes of the king) are superior to sheer military strength. The operational ‘fFactor of fForce as spelt out in present day warfare encompasses the tangible (personnel, weapons, mobility, fire power and logistics) and the intangible elements (leadership, morale, discipline, training, doctrine and mo tivation).)[27] The human element that is the power of good counsel and intellectual power has been given the highest importance by Kautilya, unlike modern thinkers who give more importance to the military might. The intangible human elements are difficult to quantify and hence tend to tilt the balance if not correctly assessed. Hence to compare two opponents as emphasised inemphasised in the Arthashastra ,Arthashastra, their power in all aspects needs to be compared.[28] Kautilya gives least importance to morale but adds that ‘Tthe night before the battle is to be used for preparing for battle and building up the morale[29] of troops.[30] (b) Place/Terrain[31]. The next important factor to be considered is the place andplace and the terrain.[32] Employment of infantry, horses, elephants and chariots have been given the due importance with respect to terrain[33]. He has articulated that the land being used for conflict should be unsuitable for the enemy and suitable for own operations. This terrain is a smaller manifestation of the operational ‘Factor of Space. as given in the present day references on Operational Factors. The present day conventional warfare propagates that the free movement of ones forces and the space available are crucial for success in war. An example of denial of space is the concept of Blockade. Thus the importance of space was evident to Kautilya except the new concept of cyberspace. However his postulate that on each kind of space the king should undertake such works to increase his power[34] is still relevant. (c) Time/Campaigning Season. Kautilya has laid stress on timing[35] and selection of season for an expedition. He recommends that the climate and the time or duration of a campaign (day, night, fortnight, month, season) is of great importance. His concept of space is replicated as he articulates that the time of conflict should be unsuitable for the enemy and suitable for own operations.[36] He also states the various kinds of warfare and weapons to be used in different seasons . ‘An army consisting mostly of elephants should be used in rains or when plenty of water is available, camels and horses may be used in little rain or areas with muddy water.[37] The operational factors in modern warfare give serious consideration to the factor of time. Time has further been divided into preparation time, warning time, reaction time, decision cycle time etc. Durations of the campaign and the interval between two consecutive operations should beare kept short to be maintain a high tempo. This is brought out by Kautilya when he recommends that ‘whenever the king is superior, he shall not waste any time and should proceed against the enemy whenever by doing so the enemy can be weakened or crushed. Due to new technologies the pace of thein present day warfare new technologies are enlarging the area of combat is growing and at the same time compressing the time factor is being compressed. Thus tThe critical evaluation of time, and the various weather parameters and advices such as theand terms for planningfor planning a long, medium and short war as given in the Arthashastra remain relevant even today. (d) Troop Mobilisation. He Kautilya lays down the criterias in great detail which are required for mobilising each kind of troops. like Tthe standing army, is to be chosen if the threat is great and from well trained troops, however the territorial army is to be chosen if the enemy is weak. Tthe militia or is to be mobilised if the enemy is weak and it is only a law and order problem. Ffriendly or allied forces. are to be used when the king and the ally have the same objective. Without any remorse he adds that the jungle tribes should be used when there is a gain to the king, whether they win or lose in fighting the enemy ‘Just as a Chandala stands to benefit when a wild dog fights a wild boar. Combat potential concept in the present day concepts operational art states that combat potential is converted into Combat power by mobilisation of troops and start of conflict.[38] Even Kautilya has rightly emphasised the importance of troops and thus their bearing on the factor of for ce. Kautilya prefers an army of trained Kshatriyas[39] or a large force composed of Sudras and Vaishyas[40]. He was the first Indian statesman to consider the lower castes to fight wars. (e) Other factors. The other factors he discusses in planning include the revolts and the rebellion in the rear, the calculation of losses, expenses and gains and the likely dangers of treachery. Thus Kautilya has also brought out the fact which present day planners also abide by; of not planning or initiating military action without adequate forces and in the presence of unreasonable military or political constraints. Though most planning is valid only till the first contact with the enemy, still a complex almost mathematical analysis of gains and losses was carried out to justify going to war. (f) Power Place Time relation. The relationship of power, place and time to wage a war had various interpretations during that period. However Kautilya has clearly enunciated that though each of these components is important, none is more important than the other and all are interdependent. The fact that Kautilya understood the concept of space-time-force relationship and dynamics is a revelation. He postulated that only when the king finds that he is superior in power space and time shall he proceed against the enemy. â€Å"Force is important for a campaign; just as the collision of an unbaked mud-vessel with a similar vessel is destructive to both, so war with an equal king brings ruin to both†¦place (space) is important as a dog, seated in a convenient place, can drag a crocodile and a crocodile in low ground can drag a dog†¦time is critical as during the daytime the crow kills the owl and at night the owl the crow.†[41]His analysis of Force-Space-Time in the quot e shows that the correct forces need to be deployed in the correct terrain at a time of their choosing for maximum effect. The analogy of the crocodile being dragged by a dog would refer to a vastly superior force being inexorably drawn away from their base into an area of operations that is favourable to the smaller enemy (large conventional forces fighting insurgents in urban areas). All the factors listed by Kautilya need to be considered whilst planning a modern day conventional or unconventional campaign. Internal Security 22. Physical Security. The security of own kingdom consisted of physical security and also the capability to prevent treachery, revolts and rebellion.[42] The frontier post and forts (consisting of mountains, rivers, jungle and deserts) provided physical security. The details of fortifications are placed at the Appendix _______. Thus the importance given to internal security was immense. Demobilisation of troops was carried out in times of peace to save money and they were mobilised again for conquests. However the forces guarding the forts, royal property and the kings own guards were never disbanded, thus ensuring the importance of internal security. Besides Kautilya was extremely wary of revolts, rebellion and the ability of spies trying to influence the people by wrong newstreachery. 23. Control Over Army. Various means were utilised by the king to maintain control over his army including the Chiefs of Army such as paying them well, keeping them under surveillance and testing their integrity to prevent any rebellion.. Some of these measures including shrewd and ruthless ones are enumerated below:- (e) They were paid well to prevent them from being tempted by bribes by the enemy. (f) They were kept under surveillance of clandestine agents, especially to see that they did not succumb to the instigations of the enemy. (g) Their integrity was tested to weed out the cowardly. Also the (h) Tthe wings of the Army were kept under the control of more than one chief so that mutual fear and suspicion would ensure their loyalty. (i) 24. (a) Those suspected of treachery were posted to remote areas while their families were kept in the capital as hostages. Imperativeness of Security. Kautilya believed that offensive action is based on defensive power. His insistence of for internal security clearly underlined underlines the fact that before forces are committed to the main task all own vital and vulnerable targets should be secured. In fact he even advices the king to keep the treasury and army under his control. In case of a threat of revolt, Kautilya advices the king,not to remain behind in the capital and to allow his Commander to lead a campaign and to leave it to his Commander and remain behind in the capital, .in case of a threat of revolt. 24. This coupled with the fact that he attached great importance to controlling his army brings out the fact that internal security must be the sound foundation for a successful campaign. 25. Threat of Coup. Kautilya advised the king not to leave military matters entirely to others and be involved in it. He paid great importance to the training of the army and to the loyalty of the soldiers. Towards this he advocated the use of spies especially from threat of a coup. Kautilya recommended that â€Å"secret agents, prostitutes, artisans and actors as well as elders of the army should ascertain with diligence, the loyalty or disloyalty of soldiers†.[43] Types of Warfare 26. According to Kautilya, the king had two main responsibilities which included the protection of own state from external aggression and enlargement of territory by conquest[44]. He thought there was a ‘science of warfare, presumably part of a larger science of politics. [45] Kautilya has described four types of War[46] as follows:- (a) Mantrayuddha or War by Counsel. This is the exercise of diplomacy to win wars. This is to be utilised when the king is in a weaker position and engaging in battle would not be wise or beneficial. (b) Prakasayuddha or Open Warfare. This is the form of normal warfare which follows all laid down rules of fighting a battle. Open warfare, Kautilya declared, is ‘most righteous,'[47] but he was willing to use any and all kinds of warfare to achieve consolidation and expansion of the kingdom. Kautilya advised the king that â€Å"When he is superior in troops, and when he is on land suitable to himself, he should engage in an open fight. In the reverse case, (he should resort to) concealed fighting.†[48] This was quite unlike the teachings in the Indian epics which emphasised the Dharmayudha or ethical warfare. (c ) Kutayuddha or Concealed Warfare. This form of warfare includes psychological warfare and treachery in the enemys camp. Also known as Guerrilla warfare.[49] The Chinese civil war by the Peoples Liberation Army, the Vietcong in the Vietnam war, the Kosovo Liberation Army in Kosovo are examples of using mobile military tactics to defeat a stronger force. and guerrilla warfare. (d) Gudayuddha or Clandestine / Silent War. This type of war is waged by covert means to achieve the objective. It includes means to win without fighting the battle by means such as assassinating the enemy. Also called silent war, it is a kind of warfare with another kingdom in which the king and his ministers—and unknowingly, the people—all act publicly as if they were at peace with the opposing kingdom, but all the while secret agents and spies are assassinating important leaders in the other kingdom, creating divisions among key ministers and classes, and spreading propaganda and disinformation.[50] Roger Boesche has said in his book on Arthashastra that â€Å"silent war is a kind of fighting that no other thinker I know of has discussed†.[51] The assassination of Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi carried out towards furthering separatist movements are examples of this kind of warfare. In silent warfare, secrecy is paramount, and, from a passage quoted earlier, t he king can prevail only by â€Å"maintaining secrecy when striking again and again.†[52] Military Organisation 27. The military organisation is covered in great detail in Arthashastra. Maintenance of the states armies, troops and the organisational structure[53] of various components are still valid. The organisation was based on the number ten[54] and as today we follow the relationship of three. In the olden days since space was limited, it was perhaps possible to have a commander controlling ten subordinate commanders.[55] 28. Managing the Army. He further warns against calamities which adversely affect the functioning of the army which include not giving due honours, not paid sufficiently, low in morale etc. Kautilya states that armies should never be abandoned, left leaderless or totally merged into someone elses army.ItThe army should always have adequate reinforcements[56]. He further warns against calamities which adversely affect the functioning of the army. He includes many factors such as not giving due honours, not paid sufficiently, low in morale, an angry army, a dispersed one, having to fight in an unsuitable terrain or season, an army which has been encircled, obstructed or cut off from reinforcements and supplies and most importantly one without leaders. He makes an incisive observation when he states that an unhonoured army, an unpaid army an exhausted army will fight if honoured, paid and allowed to relax respectively but a dishonoured army with resentment in its heart will not do so. H e further gives importance to leadership qualities by stating that an army repulsed will fight if rallied by heroic men unlike an army abandoned by its chief. This is as true today, even in the age of C4ISR. and where troops or ships are spread across the globe. It is an accepted fact that in the absence of an inspired leader victory goes to the stronger (numerically superior) side. He also adds that even if the army faces extreme reverses like loss of capital or death of a commander it will still fight unless they are cut off from their king and leader. He stated the pre requisite for an effective leader which is true even today that he should keep in mind two fundamental elements, the mission and the people. The king is advised to guard his army against troubles created by the enemy and told to strike at the weak points of the enemys army similar to the critical vulnerabilities in JOPP. Algorithim of Victory. 29. When two kings are at war, he advises his king to sue for peace with a stronger king, accept the peace offer of a equally strong king and to destroy the weaker king.[57] He justifies going to war by the natural enemy concept[58] which states that if the conqueror does not eliminate the enemy, the enemy will eliminate him. After victory it is vitally important to consolidate on newly acquired territory so as to be able to embark on further conquests. He clarifies that a defeated army should never be harassed to the point of making it so desperate that it will return to fight with vengeance.[59] Oligarchies / Coalitions 30. A whole section is dedicated to oligarchies or confederacy. In the present world such a communion is exhibited by coalition forces. While accepting that these coalitions are strong entities he frames various means to fight and put up resistance against them. As an oligarchy is defined as a unassailable cohesive unit, sowing dissension, using deceit, treachery and playing on the differences amongst them has been suggested as measures to defeat them. In the present world, the attempt to break the coalition by Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein is an example of this tactics.[60] Strategies for Weak King 31. Kautilya has written extensively on the response of a weak king when being attacked by a stronger king. When confronted by a superior power Kautilya advices the weak king to find a way to survive to fight another day, preserving â€Å"his body, not wealth; for, what regret can there be for wealth that is impermanent?†[61] Kautilya did not however expect the weak king to give in to the conqueror without a fight and recommended various measures which included use of ‘diplomatic or concealed warfare and instigating a revolt in the enemy camp.As a desperate measure he even advocated a powerful speech offering a mixture of moral exhortation and arguments to be given to the superior king. People and Popular Support 32. Kautilya maintained that people were more important than forts and armies. As he put it, â€Å"one should only seek a fortress with men.†[62] Kautilya urged the king to be popular with the people and to endeavour to secure the welfare of his subjects. The Arthashastra has emphasised on not causing harm even to the subjects of the enemy king. In fact extra ordinary measures are recommended to win over the people of the enemy land. Their customs had to be respected and their gods had to be revered by the new king. After the war, carrying away loot was forbidden. 33. The important six fold foreign policy[63] has been left out due to dissertation restrictions. The gamut of strategies from the planning aspects, the types of war to the very crucial support of the people will be will be contextually examined for their relevance in the next chapters. CHAPTER IV RELEVANCE IN 21ST CENTURY CONVENTIONAL WARFARE 34. Realist School. In this chapter the present day conventional warfare will be examined as seen through the prism of Kautilya. Kautilya is widely known to have preached the Realist School of thought which advised rulers to maximise power through political rather than military means. He preached that the ends justified the means including the use of ruse, deceit[64], cunning and subterfuge[65]. However Kautilya has discussed conventional warfare in great detail and has also given the option of frontal attack on the enemy.[66] 35. Role and Mission. In an increasingly complex world, the missions of the armed forces are correspondingly more diverse and complex than ever before. In times of peace and tension, the armed forces are a powerful instrument of the nations foreign policy.[67] In times of crisis and conflict, they are the foremost expression of the nations will and intent. Suffice to say that the expectations of a nation from its military are diverse and wide-ranging. Therefore, modern warfare is not restricted to war alone. Rather, they encompass the military, political, economic and the diplomatic aspects. 36. Nature of War. War or conflict has two different characteristics. One, which represents progress and change, and the other, which represents constancy and permanency. On one hand, the dynamics of progress and change depend much upon a commanders imagination, innovativeness, grasp of technology and complexity. While on the other, the Arthashastra is testimony to the constant and unchanging nature of war. Studies of military history show that certain features constantly recur; that certain relations between type of action and success often remain the same; that certain circumstances and moments have time and time again, proved decisive. Past being the prologue of future, underscores the relevance and significance of studies of military history such as propagated by the Arthashastra. Joint Intelligence Preparation of Operational Environment 37. Factor of Space. The r Impact of Arthashastra on Modern Warfare Impact of Arthashastra on Modern Warfare ARTHASHASTRA AND ITS RELEVANCE IN MODERN WARFARE AND COUNTERINSURGENCY/COUNTERTERRORISM PHILOSOPHY â€Å"In the happiness of his subjects lies the kings happiness; in their welfare his welfare. He shall not consider as good only that which pleases him but treat as beneficial to him whatever pleases his subjects†¦An archer letting off an arrow may or may not kill a single man, but a wise man using his intellect can kill even reaching unto the very womb.† The Arthashastra INTRODUCTION SITUATING THE ARTHASHASTRA Historical Background 1. Kautilya, also known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta[1] was the key advisor to and the genius behind the strategy undertaken by the king Chandra Gupta Maurya (317-293 B.C.) who stopped the advance of Alexander the Greats successors and introduced the Golden Age of India.[2] The Mauryan kingdom united and amalgamated the Indian sub-continent into a single entity for the first time, thus creating the concept of Indian nationhood. The Mauryan Empire extended from the Persian border in the West to Burma in the East covered most of peninsular India.[3] The empire lasted 150 years until about 180 BC, after which the empire dissociated[4] into several fragments. Kautilya was the chancellor to Chandra Gupta Maurya, and he composed the Arthashastra to counsel a ruler on how to defeat ones enemies and rule for the general good. The Arthashastra was very influential in ancient India up to the 12th century AD, when it faded from the public eye. The text, however, reappeared in 1904 and was publis hed in English in 1915.[5] 2. Artha[6] of Arthashastra stands for wealth, but it has a much wider significance. As enunciated by Kautilya, wealth of a nation is both the territory of the state and the inhabitants of the state. Thus economics is at the heart of Arthashastra. A healthy economy and loyal subjects can be achieved by having an adequate balance between the treasury of the state and the welfare of the people, was preached by Kautilya. This was to be achieved by maintaining law and order and adequate administrative machinery.[7] Thus the Arthashastra also contains the enforcement of laws (Dandaniti) and the details of the organisation of civil service and duties of state officials.[8] Arthashastra Overview 3. Written about 300 B.C., Kautilyas work was pitched to teach with the various intricacies of governance and politics to the king.[9] Kautilya has covered the subject in depth and offers insights into various spheres of statecraft, war and diplomacy. Kautilya wished his king to become a world conqueror[10] hence his analysis of the types of war, his doctrine of assassination, sowing discord amongst the enemy, use of spies, religion, superstition, along with the use of women to create conflicts in the enemy camp are engrossing and unputdownable.[11] 4. Books of Treatise. The Arthashastra is divided into 15 books, 150 chapters, 180 sections and 6,000 slokas.[12] The books are arranged in a manner that the initial books deal with internal administration and the later books on a states relations with its neighbours. Interestingly, there exists a very prominent mention of the ancient Navy as he has mentioned the ‘superintendent of ships in Book II. He may have foreseen the advantages of a sea borne force and a Navy.[13] 5. Science of Arthashastra. Kautilya believed that a rulers duties included the internal administration of the country, protection of the state from external aggression, maintenance of law and order within the state, and the welfare of the people. New territory had to be acquired by alliance or conquest for the prosperity of the state and also in the political environment existing then, which had many kings, anyone content with his own territory was likely to fall prey to hedgemonistic ambitions of the other. 6. Spectrum of Arthashastra. Kautilya argued that a nation could never achieve prosperity under a foreign ruler; indicating that independence was a pre-requisite for prosperity and economic progress. At the macro level, the Arthashastra covers the entire gamut of human society, the establishment and continuance of a nation state, foreign policy, war, civil law and economics. At the other end of the spectrum, the book delves into the building blocks of a society by clearly defining standardised weights[14], measures and time, values and taxes on commodities[15], metallurgical standards[16], sources of state revenue[17] and a detailed analysis of the composition of an army and forts.[18] 7. National Security. Kautilya insisted that all threats to national security must be eliminated at any cost to the state, while no enemy must be privy to the inner machinations and processes of ones own state â€Å"Like a tortoise, the king (state) shall draw in any limb of his that is exposed.†[19] Internal stability was the harbinger of economic well being. However, to maintain internal and external security, Kautilya proposed a massive network of spies and agents operating within the state and also in surrounding and enemy states. Detailed descriptions of espionage and counter-espionage activities, physical punishments and torture for internal security set this work apart from any other political treatise. 8. The Arthashastra is thus a mixture of both what we applaud today and what we consider to be reprehensible. Kautilya wrote his book about 2300 years ago when extreme forms of governance were commonplace and the primary task of the ruling monarch was primacy of his state and a policy of expansionism. While Kautilya was quite willing to reward those who served the state, he seemed to have an obsession with using the discipline of the laws to make everything in the kingdom ‘just right. In the Arthashastra, everyday life in all its multifarious activities comes in for careful regulation and adjustment, from the ‘cooking pot to the crown.[20] CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY Statement of the Problem 9. The aim of this paper is to study the teachings of Arthashastra in order to determine its relevance and yield insights into military strategy and warfare with emphasis on counter insurgency and counter terrorism. Hypothesis 10. The concepts of defence and war as enunciated by Kautilya are as relevant in the 21st century as it was in the 3rd century BC. Justification for the Study 11. The Arthashastra is essentially a treatise on the art of government and specially focuses on aspects of internal administration and foreign policy. It has been translated as â€Å"Science of Politics†, â€Å"Treatise on Polity†[21] or the â€Å"Science of Political Economy†.[22] However, the best description of the word comes from Heinrich Zimmer who translates the word as â€Å"Timeless Laws of Politics, Economy, Diplomacy and War†.[23] 12. Two thousand three hundred years ago, Kautilya compiled the Arthashastra and with it he proved to be a kingmaker as he enabled the inception of the Maurya dynasty. The Arthashastra has endured the test of time and it has since withstood the test of credibility. We will be enriching ourselves if we learn and grasp even a fraction of the wisdom that Kautilya embodied. 13. Our ancient scriptures have been neglected and Western principles and teachings propounded in our literature, including military literature due to ignorance of students and insufficient importance by teachers. 14. Kautilyas treatise enraptures in many ways, the complexity of our current world. The problems that existed then, persist in a more widespread and magnified manner in the contemporary world. The principles of Military strategy followed by Kautilya are also relevant in the contemporary world. 15. Study of his military strategy will throw some light on the in-depth knowledge of warfare in ancient India and will provide important lessons for conventional and unconventional warfare in the modern world, besides enhancing understanding and pride in our country and its thinkers. The lecture by Dr Gopalji Malviya, sparked the inquisitiveness and determination to study the Arthashastra. Scope 16. The scope of this paper is restricted to the study and analysis of the aspects related to warfare as enunciated by Kautilya. The study does not include his precepts on the social, political and economical structure of an ideal state. Though Kautilya has treated foreign policy as an important part of warfare, only brief mention where necessary would be made. The famous Mandala theory[24] has hence been consciously left out. Also the actual battle fighting and formations described in detail have been omitted to maintain focus on strategy. The study will cover the relevance of Arthashastra and its importance for modern warfare, counter insurgency and counter terrorism. 17. Though a sincere effort has been made to cover the relevance, trying to expound on Kautilyas immense wisdom presents a remarkable challenge. Therefore, throughout this dissertation the work of Kautilya is quoted to speak for itself. Methods of Data Collection 18. There are a number of books written on Arthashastra. Though some books are in Sanskrit and some are literal translations, some books are available in college library on the Arthashastra notably by LN Rangarajan, R Shamashastry, MV Krishna Rao and Roger Boeshe. Some data is also available on the internet and journals. A bibliography of sources is appended at the end of the paper. Likely sources include the following:- (a) Books written by eminent authors as mentioned above. (b) Papers submitted by researchers. (c) Information available over the internet. (d) Discussions with teachers and professors of history. Dr Gopalji Malviya was gracious enough to grant some valuable time for a ‘one on one discussion. His encouragement, advice and passion for the subject made the research meaningful. Organisation of the Dissertation 19. The dissertation is organised into six chapters. Chapters one and two deal with introducing the subject and the methodology of the research. It is proposed to study the subject under the following heads:- (a) Chapter III Principles of military strategy in Arthashastra. (b) Chapter IV Relevance in 21st century conventional warfare. (c) Chapter V Relevance in fourth generation warfare. (d) Chapter VI Conclusion. CHAPTER III PRINCIPLES OF MILITARY STRATEGY IN ARTHASHASTRA 20. Kautilya has enunciated many military strategies in the Arthashastra. Most importantly he does not seem to have made much distinction between military strategy and that of statecraft. He believed that warfare is an extension and an integral part of statecraft.[25] He has covered an array of strategies over a vast canvas from the actual fighting and planning, to training and deceit. Some of these will be discussed in this chapter. Planning a Campaign 21. Kautilyas most striking doctrine is his discussion of planning a campaign -â€Å"The activity of one setting out on a campaign deals with the factors to be taken into account before the king (state) decides that it is in the states interest to commence the campaign†.[26] Kautilya brings out the various facets of planning a campaign. He enunciates eight factors which are to be critically considered for determining whether a campaign would end in success, prior to making preparations for war. The factors that he considered for a successful campaign included Power (military, intellectual and morale), place and time, revolts and the rebellion in the rear, the calculation of losses, expenses and gains and the likely dangers of treachery. Few of the factors are discussed below:- (a) Power. According to Kautilya, the most important factor is of power. Power included the military might, and the economic strength of the adversary, and also the intellectual power, and t the ability of the enemy to carry out a objective analysis and not to be swayed by emotion or opinions. He even lists out the order of the three constituents of power to be Intellectual power, Military might and Enthusiasm and morale in the decreasing order of importance. Kautilya says that though the mightier king may be endowed with better war machinery and that he can buy heroic fighters, the Power of good analysis and judgement (which include intelligence and the knowledge of politics the two eyes of the king) are superior to sheer military strength. The operational ‘fFactor of fForce as spelt out in present day warfare encompasses the tangible (personnel, weapons, mobility, fire power and logistics) and the intangible elements (leadership, morale, discipline, training, doctrine and mo tivation).)[27] The human element that is the power of good counsel and intellectual power has been given the highest importance by Kautilya, unlike modern thinkers who give more importance to the military might. The intangible human elements are difficult to quantify and hence tend to tilt the balance if not correctly assessed. Hence to compare two opponents as emphasised inemphasised in the Arthashastra ,Arthashastra, their power in all aspects needs to be compared.[28] Kautilya gives least importance to morale but adds that ‘Tthe night before the battle is to be used for preparing for battle and building up the morale[29] of troops.[30] (b) Place/Terrain[31]. The next important factor to be considered is the place andplace and the terrain.[32] Employment of infantry, horses, elephants and chariots have been given the due importance with respect to terrain[33]. He has articulated that the land being used for conflict should be unsuitable for the enemy and suitable for own operations. This terrain is a smaller manifestation of the operational ‘Factor of Space. as given in the present day references on Operational Factors. The present day conventional warfare propagates that the free movement of ones forces and the space available are crucial for success in war. An example of denial of space is the concept of Blockade. Thus the importance of space was evident to Kautilya except the new concept of cyberspace. However his postulate that on each kind of space the king should undertake such works to increase his power[34] is still relevant. (c) Time/Campaigning Season. Kautilya has laid stress on timing[35] and selection of season for an expedition. He recommends that the climate and the time or duration of a campaign (day, night, fortnight, month, season) is of great importance. His concept of space is replicated as he articulates that the time of conflict should be unsuitable for the enemy and suitable for own operations.[36] He also states the various kinds of warfare and weapons to be used in different seasons . ‘An army consisting mostly of elephants should be used in rains or when plenty of water is available, camels and horses may be used in little rain or areas with muddy water.[37] The operational factors in modern warfare give serious consideration to the factor of time. Time has further been divided into preparation time, warning time, reaction time, decision cycle time etc. Durations of the campaign and the interval between two consecutive operations should beare kept short to be maintain a high tempo. This is brought out by Kautilya when he recommends that ‘whenever the king is superior, he shall not waste any time and should proceed against the enemy whenever by doing so the enemy can be weakened or crushed. Due to new technologies the pace of thein present day warfare new technologies are enlarging the area of combat is growing and at the same time compressing the time factor is being compressed. Thus tThe critical evaluation of time, and the various weather parameters and advices such as theand terms for planningfor planning a long, medium and short war as given in the Arthashastra remain relevant even today. (d) Troop Mobilisation. He Kautilya lays down the criterias in great detail which are required for mobilising each kind of troops. like Tthe standing army, is to be chosen if the threat is great and from well trained troops, however the territorial army is to be chosen if the enemy is weak. Tthe militia or is to be mobilised if the enemy is weak and it is only a law and order problem. Ffriendly or allied forces. are to be used when the king and the ally have the same objective. Without any remorse he adds that the jungle tribes should be used when there is a gain to the king, whether they win or lose in fighting the enemy ‘Just as a Chandala stands to benefit when a wild dog fights a wild boar. Combat potential concept in the present day concepts operational art states that combat potential is converted into Combat power by mobilisation of troops and start of conflict.[38] Even Kautilya has rightly emphasised the importance of troops and thus their bearing on the factor of for ce. Kautilya prefers an army of trained Kshatriyas[39] or a large force composed of Sudras and Vaishyas[40]. He was the first Indian statesman to consider the lower castes to fight wars. (e) Other factors. The other factors he discusses in planning include the revolts and the rebellion in the rear, the calculation of losses, expenses and gains and the likely dangers of treachery. Thus Kautilya has also brought out the fact which present day planners also abide by; of not planning or initiating military action without adequate forces and in the presence of unreasonable military or political constraints. Though most planning is valid only till the first contact with the enemy, still a complex almost mathematical analysis of gains and losses was carried out to justify going to war. (f) Power Place Time relation. The relationship of power, place and time to wage a war had various interpretations during that period. However Kautilya has clearly enunciated that though each of these components is important, none is more important than the other and all are interdependent. The fact that Kautilya understood the concept of space-time-force relationship and dynamics is a revelation. He postulated that only when the king finds that he is superior in power space and time shall he proceed against the enemy. â€Å"Force is important for a campaign; just as the collision of an unbaked mud-vessel with a similar vessel is destructive to both, so war with an equal king brings ruin to both†¦place (space) is important as a dog, seated in a convenient place, can drag a crocodile and a crocodile in low ground can drag a dog†¦time is critical as during the daytime the crow kills the owl and at night the owl the crow.†[41]His analysis of Force-Space-Time in the quot e shows that the correct forces need to be deployed in the correct terrain at a time of their choosing for maximum effect. The analogy of the crocodile being dragged by a dog would refer to a vastly superior force being inexorably drawn away from their base into an area of operations that is favourable to the smaller enemy (large conventional forces fighting insurgents in urban areas). All the factors listed by Kautilya need to be considered whilst planning a modern day conventional or unconventional campaign. Internal Security 22. Physical Security. The security of own kingdom consisted of physical security and also the capability to prevent treachery, revolts and rebellion.[42] The frontier post and forts (consisting of mountains, rivers, jungle and deserts) provided physical security. The details of fortifications are placed at the Appendix _______. Thus the importance given to internal security was immense. Demobilisation of troops was carried out in times of peace to save money and they were mobilised again for conquests. However the forces guarding the forts, royal property and the kings own guards were never disbanded, thus ensuring the importance of internal security. Besides Kautilya was extremely wary of revolts, rebellion and the ability of spies trying to influence the people by wrong newstreachery. 23. Control Over Army. Various means were utilised by the king to maintain control over his army including the Chiefs of Army such as paying them well, keeping them under surveillance and testing their integrity to prevent any rebellion.. Some of these measures including shrewd and ruthless ones are enumerated below:- (e) They were paid well to prevent them from being tempted by bribes by the enemy. (f) They were kept under surveillance of clandestine agents, especially to see that they did not succumb to the instigations of the enemy. (g) Their integrity was tested to weed out the cowardly. Also the (h) Tthe wings of the Army were kept under the control of more than one chief so that mutual fear and suspicion would ensure their loyalty. (i) 24. (a) Those suspected of treachery were posted to remote areas while their families were kept in the capital as hostages. Imperativeness of Security. Kautilya believed that offensive action is based on defensive power. His insistence of for internal security clearly underlined underlines the fact that before forces are committed to the main task all own vital and vulnerable targets should be secured. In fact he even advices the king to keep the treasury and army under his control. In case of a threat of revolt, Kautilya advices the king,not to remain behind in the capital and to allow his Commander to lead a campaign and to leave it to his Commander and remain behind in the capital, .in case of a threat of revolt. 24. This coupled with the fact that he attached great importance to controlling his army brings out the fact that internal security must be the sound foundation for a successful campaign. 25. Threat of Coup. Kautilya advised the king not to leave military matters entirely to others and be involved in it. He paid great importance to the training of the army and to the loyalty of the soldiers. Towards this he advocated the use of spies especially from threat of a coup. Kautilya recommended that â€Å"secret agents, prostitutes, artisans and actors as well as elders of the army should ascertain with diligence, the loyalty or disloyalty of soldiers†.[43] Types of Warfare 26. According to Kautilya, the king had two main responsibilities which included the protection of own state from external aggression and enlargement of territory by conquest[44]. He thought there was a ‘science of warfare, presumably part of a larger science of politics. [45] Kautilya has described four types of War[46] as follows:- (a) Mantrayuddha or War by Counsel. This is the exercise of diplomacy to win wars. This is to be utilised when the king is in a weaker position and engaging in battle would not be wise or beneficial. (b) Prakasayuddha or Open Warfare. This is the form of normal warfare which follows all laid down rules of fighting a battle. Open warfare, Kautilya declared, is ‘most righteous,'[47] but he was willing to use any and all kinds of warfare to achieve consolidation and expansion of the kingdom. Kautilya advised the king that â€Å"When he is superior in troops, and when he is on land suitable to himself, he should engage in an open fight. In the reverse case, (he should resort to) concealed fighting.†[48] This was quite unlike the teachings in the Indian epics which emphasised the Dharmayudha or ethical warfare. (c ) Kutayuddha or Concealed Warfare. This form of warfare includes psychological warfare and treachery in the enemys camp. Also known as Guerrilla warfare.[49] The Chinese civil war by the Peoples Liberation Army, the Vietcong in the Vietnam war, the Kosovo Liberation Army in Kosovo are examples of using mobile military tactics to defeat a stronger force. and guerrilla warfare. (d) Gudayuddha or Clandestine / Silent War. This type of war is waged by covert means to achieve the objective. It includes means to win without fighting the battle by means such as assassinating the enemy. Also called silent war, it is a kind of warfare with another kingdom in which the king and his ministers—and unknowingly, the people—all act publicly as if they were at peace with the opposing kingdom, but all the while secret agents and spies are assassinating important leaders in the other kingdom, creating divisions among key ministers and classes, and spreading propaganda and disinformation.[50] Roger Boesche has said in his book on Arthashastra that â€Å"silent war is a kind of fighting that no other thinker I know of has discussed†.[51] The assassination of Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi carried out towards furthering separatist movements are examples of this kind of warfare. In silent warfare, secrecy is paramount, and, from a passage quoted earlier, t he king can prevail only by â€Å"maintaining secrecy when striking again and again.†[52] Military Organisation 27. The military organisation is covered in great detail in Arthashastra. Maintenance of the states armies, troops and the organisational structure[53] of various components are still valid. The organisation was based on the number ten[54] and as today we follow the relationship of three. In the olden days since space was limited, it was perhaps possible to have a commander controlling ten subordinate commanders.[55] 28. Managing the Army. He further warns against calamities which adversely affect the functioning of the army which include not giving due honours, not paid sufficiently, low in morale etc. Kautilya states that armies should never be abandoned, left leaderless or totally merged into someone elses army.ItThe army should always have adequate reinforcements[56]. He further warns against calamities which adversely affect the functioning of the army. He includes many factors such as not giving due honours, not paid sufficiently, low in morale, an angry army, a dispersed one, having to fight in an unsuitable terrain or season, an army which has been encircled, obstructed or cut off from reinforcements and supplies and most importantly one without leaders. He makes an incisive observation when he states that an unhonoured army, an unpaid army an exhausted army will fight if honoured, paid and allowed to relax respectively but a dishonoured army with resentment in its heart will not do so. H e further gives importance to leadership qualities by stating that an army repulsed will fight if rallied by heroic men unlike an army abandoned by its chief. This is as true today, even in the age of C4ISR. and where troops or ships are spread across the globe. It is an accepted fact that in the absence of an inspired leader victory goes to the stronger (numerically superior) side. He also adds that even if the army faces extreme reverses like loss of capital or death of a commander it will still fight unless they are cut off from their king and leader. He stated the pre requisite for an effective leader which is true even today that he should keep in mind two fundamental elements, the mission and the people. The king is advised to guard his army against troubles created by the enemy and told to strike at the weak points of the enemys army similar to the critical vulnerabilities in JOPP. Algorithim of Victory. 29. When two kings are at war, he advises his king to sue for peace with a stronger king, accept the peace offer of a equally strong king and to destroy the weaker king.[57] He justifies going to war by the natural enemy concept[58] which states that if the conqueror does not eliminate the enemy, the enemy will eliminate him. After victory it is vitally important to consolidate on newly acquired territory so as to be able to embark on further conquests. He clarifies that a defeated army should never be harassed to the point of making it so desperate that it will return to fight with vengeance.[59] Oligarchies / Coalitions 30. A whole section is dedicated to oligarchies or confederacy. In the present world such a communion is exhibited by coalition forces. While accepting that these coalitions are strong entities he frames various means to fight and put up resistance against them. As an oligarchy is defined as a unassailable cohesive unit, sowing dissension, using deceit, treachery and playing on the differences amongst them has been suggested as measures to defeat them. In the present world, the attempt to break the coalition by Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein is an example of this tactics.[60] Strategies for Weak King 31. Kautilya has written extensively on the response of a weak king when being attacked by a stronger king. When confronted by a superior power Kautilya advices the weak king to find a way to survive to fight another day, preserving â€Å"his body, not wealth; for, what regret can there be for wealth that is impermanent?†[61] Kautilya did not however expect the weak king to give in to the conqueror without a fight and recommended various measures which included use of ‘diplomatic or concealed warfare and instigating a revolt in the enemy camp.As a desperate measure he even advocated a powerful speech offering a mixture of moral exhortation and arguments to be given to the superior king. People and Popular Support 32. Kautilya maintained that people were more important than forts and armies. As he put it, â€Å"one should only seek a fortress with men.†[62] Kautilya urged the king to be popular with the people and to endeavour to secure the welfare of his subjects. The Arthashastra has emphasised on not causing harm even to the subjects of the enemy king. In fact extra ordinary measures are recommended to win over the people of the enemy land. Their customs had to be respected and their gods had to be revered by the new king. After the war, carrying away loot was forbidden. 33. The important six fold foreign policy[63] has been left out due to dissertation restrictions. The gamut of strategies from the planning aspects, the types of war to the very crucial support of the people will be will be contextually examined for their relevance in the next chapters. CHAPTER IV RELEVANCE IN 21ST CENTURY CONVENTIONAL WARFARE 34. Realist School. In this chapter the present day conventional warfare will be examined as seen through the prism of Kautilya. Kautilya is widely known to have preached the Realist School of thought which advised rulers to maximise power through political rather than military means. He preached that the ends justified the means including the use of ruse, deceit[64], cunning and subterfuge[65]. However Kautilya has discussed conventional warfare in great detail and has also given the option of frontal attack on the enemy.[66] 35. Role and Mission. In an increasingly complex world, the missions of the armed forces are correspondingly more diverse and complex than ever before. In times of peace and tension, the armed forces are a powerful instrument of the nations foreign policy.[67] In times of crisis and conflict, they are the foremost expression of the nations will and intent. Suffice to say that the expectations of a nation from its military are diverse and wide-ranging. Therefore, modern warfare is not restricted to war alone. Rather, they encompass the military, political, economic and the diplomatic aspects. 36. Nature of War. War or conflict has two different characteristics. One, which represents progress and change, and the other, which represents constancy and permanency. On one hand, the dynamics of progress and change depend much upon a commanders imagination, innovativeness, grasp of technology and complexity. While on the other, the Arthashastra is testimony to the constant and unchanging nature of war. Studies of military history show that certain features constantly recur; that certain relations between type of action and success often remain the same; that certain circumstances and moments have time and time again, proved decisive. Past being the prologue of future, underscores the relevance and significance of studies of military history such as propagated by the Arthashastra. Joint Intelligence Preparation of Operational Environment 37. Factor of Space. The r